Diary

Week 1 Summary – [Alexandra]

In our first class, we put together a list of objectives. We want to learn how to use hand tools, learn the language and technology related to motorcycles, learn how an engine works, restore the motorcycle, and have some experience with computer-aided design. We will be reading two books for the course: Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance as well as Shop Class As Soulcraft. Professor Littman explained that in each class we will have discussions led by a student discussion leader. Every week, different students will adopt the role of the scribe to record a summary of the week or the role of the photographer. Our discussions will be broken up into two parts: motorcycle references and the content of the book itself.

We also discussed the possible different groups that students will be working on for the semester during the process of building the motorcycle. They will be as follows: top end, bottom end, electrical and frame, wheels, carburation, and detailing. After our discussion, the class went to visit the lab and then walked over to the bunker to see a fully built motorcycle and watch Professor Littman start it up. Professor Littman explained a bit about the mechanics of the bike. He explained that the throttle controls the carburetor and enumerated the pros and cons of having a high pipe. The advantage is that it is unlikely to run into anything on rough terrain, but the disadvantage is that its height makes it more likely for the rider to burn him or herself.

In our second class, we started by discussing the introduction and chapter one of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. We discussed the introduction, in which the author delves into the failures of his book. The first failure is that the ending is unclear because of first-person narration, while the second failure is that Phaedra in Latin does not mean wolf. We discussed the motorcycle terms mentioned in chapter 1.

A full choke is when you cover the opening of the carburetor and that allows raw gasoline to get sucked into the engine. This is good for starting the engine, but if you have too much choke, then the engine will flood. The spark plug will get wet with gasoline and will not be able to get a spark. The solution to this issue is to pull out the plugs and let the gasoline air dry.

Another term we defined and discussed was a kickstarter, which is a pedal that you kick to start the engine. In addition, we defined points, which are small and made out of hard metal like titanium. Professor Littman explained that when points separate, the movement causes a spark. Another technical term we learned was a plug, an insulated gap between the central contact and a piece of metal. Sparks jump across plugs. Then, we discussed the content of chapter one, including John Sutherland’s aversion to technology, how being in a car is akin to being a passive observer of the environment, and how motorcycles allowed the rider to be in direct contact with nature. After the discussion section ended, we went down to the lab to take a lab safety course and exam.

Week 2 Summary – [Audrey Zhang]

For our third class, we talked about how motorcycles can “seize” if materials expand and get stuck together. Also, we learned that if you use your motorcycle more, the friction will wear down the parts enough for the motorcycle to work more smoothly. We discussed motorcycle parts such as tappets (which make a clicking sound if the clearance is not smooth), the feeler gauge, and the importance of adjusting valves for motorcycle maintenance.

Extracting energy out of the explosion is also something we discussed:

• • ⅓ efficient combustion engines
    • This much goes to motion
  • ⅓ goes to exhaust
  • ⅓ goes to heating up the engine

We also divided up into teams:

• Top end
  • David, Zayvinn, Anlon
• Bottom end
  • Kate, Will, Gabby
• Frames and forks
  • Kayla, Gillian
• Wheels + frames spill-over
  • Erin, Luke, Cal, Leighton
• Electrical – carburetor
  • Hannah, Elazar, Caroline
•  Detailing
  • Audrey, Alexandra, and Magnus

For our fourth class, we read two articles about the Terrier:

Terrier Designer Turner Article

Motorcycle Review Article about 1954 Terrier

John led us through the discussions of the two articles. For the Turner Article, we discussed how the Terrier had an emergency start function, which the article praised.

We also learned that a 2 cylinder motorcycle has horizontally opposed cylinders, which means there will be no vibration on the motorcycle.

We talked about the function behind belts, chain tensioners, and cooling systems on machines. Motorcycles are air cooled while cars are water cooled. Cast iron is also something we discussed: the porousness of the metal holds more oil, which is great for lubricating a system.

Week 3 Summary Part 1 (2/07/22) – [Gillian Rosenberg]

1:30 – 2:15 – We examined the models of the engines. Four cylinders vs one cylinder, but they do the same thing. We looked at the sparkplug, the pressure buildup, the valve timing and ignition timing. 

2:15 – 2:45 – Zen and the Art of Motorcycle discussion

Chapter 5 Motorcycle notes:

Chrome: shiny plating, pure metal

A shim: The clamp for our handlebars has a ring that gets squeezed together. When it is fully squeezed it is smaller than the tube. Two ways of fixing this: 1. File it. 2. Add a shim. The shim makes the handlebar diameter a little large. Aluminum is the perfect material for this. 

Flipping handlebars: It means that they rotate or are in a funny position. The reason for the clamps is to prevent this rotation

Chapter 5 philosophical notes: 

Why would John refuse to use the metal? 

• John sees what something is instead of what it means, like the narrator
• Related to the classical vs romantic thought
• John likes to think that there is one right answer and one way of solving things. 
• John uses his emotion when making decisions instead of going with the practical answer. 
• Trying to define what is Art is tough. 
• John is a musician and so he approaches things through a certain perspective. 
• Even the narrator is in the trap himself, of cutting things with a knife. 
• It’s not that artists can’t understand science and scientists can’t understand art. A willingness is necessary. 

Chris was diagnosed with some kind of mental illness. John and syliva have a changed attitude towards them. 

2:45 – 4:20 – Lab time: We took a picture outside and began taking apart the motorcycle, starting with the handlebars and frame and moving towards the top and bottom end.  

Week 3 Summary Part 2 (2/09/22) – [Gillian Rosenberg]

1:30-2:00 Review of last week:

• Top end/bottom end: working on pulling the motor out. Took off the oil feed line first. There were two oil lines that went through. Valve covers had to come off. Took off the battery box as well. 3 bolts holding it together. 
• Frame group: We got the handlebars off and took off the brakes. Triple tree. There were springs down the fork tubes. Coil springs with heavy steal. We took apart the ball bearings.
• Wheels: worked with the frame group so they could detach the wheels. Top and bottom clamp on the front axel. Real axel is threaded and held in with two nuts. Hubs are in pretty good shape but the rims are all rusted.
• Carburetor and electrical: Took the carburetor out that was connected to the throttle. Clutch cable went through the battery box.

Chapter 6 Motorcycle notes:

1. Internal threading (ex: a nut) that is stripped: looks like the threads were ripped out. Occurs from overtightening. Loosen the nuts on the read wheel so the rear wheel can move back and forth. 
2. Feedback system: The speed of some parts affects some actuation. 
3. Rectifier: We will use a full wave rectifier on our motorcycle. 
4. Air cleaner: The air cleaner is necessary for cleaning out the carburetor. 
5. Shock absorber: a combination of a spring and a damper. Grease and oil is the damper in the front tubes. This motorcycle has no damper on the rear. 
6. Power delivery system: how the power goes from the engine to the wheels (chain, unit construction, 

Philosophical notes:  Classical outlook vs romantic outlook: Viewing the parts vs viewing the whole. 

Chapter 7 Motorcycle Notes: All metals have some level of oxygen. When the exhaust pipe gets hot it turns blue. 

Philosophical notes:  Syliva and John only seem to be present in the negative things, but not the negative things. 

2:40 – 3:00 – Fusion 360

3:00-4:20 – Motorcycle work

 

Week 4 Summary: Part 1 – Katie 

Review from the last lesson: 

• Top-end & bottom-end
  • The two groups took the head off of the engine, but the head was somewhat stuck, even after the nuts were removed. This was likely due to time and possibly due to a vacuum between the cylinder sleeve and the head. There was a raised cylinder sleeve inside, which probably helps reduce leakage of oil. It was removed in the later Tiger Cub models and was likely removed for a cheap way to increase the volume of the engine. This helped the company maintain the same casting while increasing the engine volume but possibly sacrificed the oil sealing function. The piston was inscribed with the number 0.020, meaning it had been bored 0.020in over the standard diameter. If a new piston needs to be purchased, it is important that the bore has been taken into account.
• Frame
  • The frame group continued working to take the rest of the frame apart, particularly the back wheel assembly. Several of the nuts were very stuck, so it took a lot of time and patience. Additionally, the frame group degreased many of the parts with steel brushed and worked to remove the grime that had built up on the surfaces.
• Wheels
  • The wheels team learned to use the sandblaster to clean parts with chipped paint, corrosion, or rust. A sandblaster works by pushing sand and air at high pressure against the parts from the frame and wears away the paint and rust on the surface. It works by using a pressurized air hose that sucks sand into the airflow, which moves at a high velocity towards the part being cleaned. The part could not be too close to the sand because it could be bent, or even have a hole punched through it. There are internal gloves in order to protect the user’s hands, which also have to stay far enough away from the pressurized air to avoid making a hoe
• Detailing
  • The detailing team also worked with the sandblaster and learned about the different grit materials that can be used in place of sand, like cornhusk! They also cleaned parts with the sandblaster and discovered they had to kick the machine to get the sand moving into the air hose. This is because the sand got stuck inside of the funnel.
• Carburetor/ electric
  • The carburetor/ electrical group took apart the carburetor. The slide and the main jet were pretty stuck, and the group had to delicately remove the pieces. Old carburetors are notoriously difficult to take apart because they are easily corroded. If the gasoline does not get drained when you put the motorcycle away for a season, the carburetor can easily get gummed up and stuck together. The brand of the carburetor is a particular make and model, and it is not specified in the diagram shown in the Terrier Parts Catolog. This needs to be taken into account if replacement parts need to be ordered. A diagram of the carburetor can be found on the Terrier Spare Parts Catalog on page 50.

Dynemometers: 

• A dynamometer machine can be used to determine the power in a motorcycle, or in our case, a wheel
• A rope pulls on the motor shaft to attempt to slow it down, and once it is moving, the top rope will have a higher tension than the bottom rope. There is a pulley on the output shaft of the motor for the rope to rest on, to prevent it from moving along the output shaft.
• Torque can be defined as “twisting force,” and the torque on this motor is the diameter of the pulley multiplied by the difference in tension between the top and bottom rope
• As the rope is pulled back/ tensioned, a graph plots the rope tensions versus the speed of the motor
• There are two graphs produced:
  • 1) Power vs angular velocity, 2) rope tension (or torque) vs angular velocity
• The torque of a system is the force multiplied by the angular velocity, so one graph is the linearized version of the other.
• The graphs determine the point where the motor has the highest torque, and where you can efficiently fun a motor (or a motorcycle!)
• There is a graph with dynamometer data for our motorcycle on the data page of our website that compared the values provided by Triumph with experiential data from a student.

 

Book Discussion:

Motorcycle references

• If the rod to the crankshaft is loose, it can also make a false “tappet” sound, and if the rod falls out there can be major engine damage. This “connecting rod” can connect the crankshaft to the piston. Tappet sounds are very common, especially if the engine is cold and the parts have not experienced much thermal expansion. Because of this, it is important to understand the machine and pay attention to the small details.
• Running the engine at high altitudes is different than at sea level, and users need to be able to diagnose issues
• Looking at the sparkplug corrosion/ color changes can demonstrate what is wrong with the engine, especially if it is from external conditions like soot, ash, etc.
• Points can become pitted, and bike users should be prepared to identify and fix this issue. Points are the electrical contacts in the starter, and there is a small spark every time they open and close. If the points are pitted, or domed inward, they cannot function properly and create a start. This can be fixed easily with a point file, and they can be made flat again.

Content – Chapter 8

• Some people view a motorcycle as simply a physical object, but Persig believes that it comes out of the mind and nature
  • All of the forms of the motorcycle come from human minds, and even steel comes from nature
  • Like people who cannot see ghosts, some people cannot see beyond the physical world
• Mechanics usually have an “organized chaos” in their shop, and while it may not make sense to an outsider, moving one thing can mess up the system
  • Auto mechanics have to be precise and careful observers, not just knowledgeable about the subject
  • Machines are to mechanics as bodies are to doctors. Not every machine is the same, so mechanics do not like when people move things around because specific systems are important to remember the specifics of each machine
• John brings up news about professors being fired for being too radical
  • He says that his name must be on the list, but he means the name of Phaedrus rather than his current name
  • In Persig’s previous life, (or really Phaedrus) he was a teacher and had a nervous breakdown, which resulted in the change in his identity and the course of his life
  • However, John and Sylvia do not understand because they do not know about Persig’s past

Content – Chapter 9

• The main theme of the chapter is the scientific method, both relating to motorcycles and to life
• Fixing a motorcycle is like a series of experiments, as one experiment conclusion leads you to another until you can finally diagnose the problem with the machine
• You have to use deductive or inductive reasoning
  • Deductive: it only misfires going over bumps, therefore the bumps cause the misfire
  • Inductive: if the battery is suspected to be dead and you know the battery powers the horn, the horn can be tested. This requires internal knowledge of the motorcycle 
• The tedium of science and attention to detail
  • “The real purpose of the scientific method is to make sure Nature hasn’t misled you into thinking you know something that you don’t actually know”
  • You have to find smaller questions to answer, for example, you cannot just say “why isn’t it turning on.” That can be a start, but you have to find small questions that can be more easily answered (like the horn example) to come to a conclusion for the larger question

Week 4 Summary: Part 2 – Katie

Review from last class:

• The engine groups cleaned out the engine in the parts cleaner using orange oil. There was so much gunk on certain parts of the engine that parts were hard to remove (like the shifter). Finally, the front plate of the engine were removed
• Carburetor and electrical
  • The carb/ electrical group continued taking apart the carburetor. They particularly focused on the float, which is the fuel regulator, and moves fuel into the carburetor
• Frame
  • The frame subteam continued sandblasting parts of the frame to remove rust and old paint.
  • In most motorcycle frame designs, there is no gooseneck design because the front is a stress point
• Wheels
  • The wheel team continued cleaning and sandblasting
• Detailing
  • Continued cleaning and degreasing the machine

Determining the top speed of the motorcycle

• Starts with determining the top speed of the crankshaft
• Volume is 149 c.c. and 28.5mm is the radius of the bore
• 8 bhp (break horsepower) at 6,000 rpm
• We now need to determine how fast the wheels are moving to find the maximum speed
• 6,000 rpm is 100 rps (revolutions per second). The smaller sprocket moves at 100 rps, and we must determine the ratio between the small and big sprocket to determine the large sprocket rps
• Engine sprocket has 19 teeth, and the clutch sprocket has 48 teeth
• This means the clutch sprocket has a speed of (19/48)*100 rps. This is around 39.6 rps
• Finally, we must figure out the ratio between the the gearbox sprocket and the rear wheel sprocket. The clutch sprocket and the gearbox sprocket have a 1:1 ratio, and thus no calculation is needed.
• The gearbox to rear wheel ratio is 17 to 48 teeth, or (17/48)*100. This gives us 35.5 rps
• Radius of the wheel is around 1ft, and the radius is 2pi feet, or 6.28ft
• 33.5 rps and a 6.28ft wheel gives us a result of 88ft per second 
• 88ft per second is about 60mph, meaning the maximum speed of the engine in high gear is 60mph

 

Motorcycle references

• Why does a motorcycle backfire when it is starting 

1. Running lean, meaning the carburetor is clogged and there is not enough fuel reaching the engine. It can be fuel rich or fuel lean, but in both cases the stoicheometric ratio is off. Lean fuel can make backfires because the sparkplug goes off, but the fuel does not ignite as fast. When it backfires it ignites when the intake is open, and the fuel is pushed out of the intake rather than the exhaust. This greatly slows down the motorcycle.
2. This is the opposite of problem 1, because the fuel is too rich, and it becomes so hot it can autoignite when it reaches the oxygen in the exhaust pipe. This can create flames in the exhaust pipe
3. Running low grade fuel, which can create a lean mixture
4. Clogged jets, which can also create a lean mixture
5. Timing issues mean the sparkplug is firing at the wrong time, causing fire to come out of the intake of the exhaust pipe
6. Incompatible exhaust pipes or upgrades can also cause lean or rich fuel

• The small changes that happen over time to the motorcycle, a priori
  • The gaps between the shoe and the drum can grow as the shoes are worn down, and this can reduce braking capabilities over time
  • Disc breaks versus shoe breaks, shoes push out against the drum in a circular motion to creat friction, and discs work different but also create friction
  • Hydraulic breaking systems on cars do not allow you to feel when the breakpads are worn out, but the shoe breaking systems on old motorcycles will allow the handle to move further if the shoes are worn out.

Content – Chapter 10

• Phaedrus and the narrator discuss Einstein’s opinions on scientists being misunderstood
• Phaedrus view science as the “producer of social chaos” 
  • This is an unconventional view, especially because the last chapter just examined the scientific method
  • He believed that the more we question, the more unknowns we have
  • This could be because Phaedrus doesn’t like change, not because he doesn’t like progress
  • Crossing one hypothesis off partially can add more questions, but can also teach us more about the world around us (like proving the earth revolves around the sun is only part of the truth, because there are many other planets and moons, etc)
  • Chaos can be confusing ideas, but is not necessarily a bad thing
• Chaos and knowledge
  • The more we know, the more we understand we are insignificant, which can be scary
  • Phaedrus wants to feel safe and in the place he understands, ignorance is bliss
  • The natural flow of things is to find out more, even if it make you feel insignificant because humans are curious 
• Insignificance can also make you feel free and remove some of the weight on your shoulders
• Phaedrus has a very logical way of thinking, and discoveries that seem to defy logic can upset and confuse people who do not understand it, just like John and Sylvia with motorcycles

Content – Chapter 11

• How does Phaedrus think about philosophy and the hierarchy of knowledge
  • Everything leads to philosophy, and it is labeled the “high country of the mind” where the philosophical questions rest
• Can somebody who grew up with no senses have thoughts in their head
  • Inductive vs deductive approach to reasoning
  • Hume: There would be no thoughts because sense perception is the way we learn, reality is simply a shared hallucination
  • Kant believes that reasoning allows people to process their thoughts
  • Used a motorcycle to illustrate the different ideas
    • A motorcycle handlebar can be viewed from different angles, and you will not be able to understand until you see from all angles
    • If you use deductive reasoning, you can look at the handlebar from one angle and then use your knowledge to draw conclusions
    • One idea comes out of the other, and not everything depends on the sense, but both start with the senses
• Time and space
  • Intuition for interpretation of senses
  • Not in imagination, but how you interpret senses to rationalize what you are seeing and understanding
• A priori
  • Means “from prior knowledge, ” and the direct translation is “from the former” 
  • Follows Kant’s idea of synthesizing ideas that you have, like the handlebar example
  • If we were to see everything through the Hume lens, we would be confused when we blink, but because we can know that things continue we take a more Kant view

Week 5 Summary: Part 1 – Kayla

Monday:

Review of last week:

• Top End: Took out the valves. Valves are held closed by heavy springs, which are attached to the valve stem. When it’s compressed the collars can be pulled off, and the valve is released. The stem was slightly bent, so it may need to be replaced.
• Bottom End: They took off the covers on the other side of the engine. Had some difficulty removing the fasteners, and needed to use an impact screwdriver in doing so. Oil leaked out everywhere. It was also discovered that the chain was a simplex, rather than a duplex chain which is used to prevent any stretching. The simplex chain had indeed stretched. 
• Carb/Electrical: They continued cleaning the carburetor.
• Frame: The frame group continued degreasing the frame and handlebars, which will soon be ready for sandblasting.
• Wheels: Removed the tires from the rim using a tire iron. Had to work across the circumference. Then they documented positioning of the spokes, so it could be restrung correctly. Spokes were removed with a spoke wrench, they were loosened and unscrewed. Some of the spokes were only able to be removed after the tire was off. The hubs were kept, but the rims and spokes will eventually be thrown out.
• Detailing: Worked with bondo, which is a hardening agent that can be used to smooth out dents. It was tested on an old mud-guard, and took 20 minutes to dry. This will next be sanded.

Combustion Chemistry: Gasoline is a mixture of many different molecules, but at the center is octane. There is an energy release from it when it is burned. We looked at various graphs of air/fuel ratio. The graphs track CO, HC, and NOx levels, and highlight what the best ratios of each are. 

Engine calculations: C8H18 + 12.5O2 -> 8 CO2 + 9H2O

Exothermic reaction (meaning energy is released). With the correct ratio, the tailpipe will emit carbon dioxide as well as water vapor. 44k joules of energy released for every gram of octane that is burned. Why gasoline? The energy released is very high.

Why does the pressure go up if you light a fuel and air mixture? Because PV = NRT. Temperature increases when the mixture is lit. Temp goes up by a factor of 7, so pressure goes up by a factor of 7 as well within the engine. In our engines, if the compression ratio is initially 10:1.  

Pressure pushes the pistons. The force = area of the piston x pressure distance. This is measured in pounds per square inch, and this is also the driving factor. However, a 200 cc engine burning oxygen and octane mixture at the correct ratio produces 50 horse power. The engine efficiency is only 25%, because a lot gets released as heat and is not entirely efficient (like a lot of gas engines). See document on the website for details of the calculations of this.

 

Book Discussion: Chapter 12

• DeWeese is different than John and Sylvia in their attitudes towards technology
• Phaedrus and DeWeeses have opposing viewpoints but respect each other, and are interested in each other. This is counter to the idea that classical and romantic thinkers can get along. The world isn’t one or the other, it’s a spectrum.
• Story of the table: Phaedrus glued and reattached a corner of the table that was falling off, and made a joke that it was a sculpture/art. DeWeese believed Phaedrus, and thought it was cool, and saw the beauty of it. Again touching on the divide between classical and romantic viewpoints.
• Another story: Phaedrus was concerned that his favorite students were failing, which concerned him because he viewed them as the most similar to him. DeWeeses thought this was funny.
• Phaedrus went to India and didn’t understand their eastern philosophy, and gave up on trying to understand it.
• Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are similarly aligned, compared to the eastern religions. Objective vs subjective view, which comes together in the eastern philosophy.

Chapter 13: Content

• Phaedrus says that the school system tells people to teach and teach until they fade away and have become boring. Phaedrus says that the education system is not necessarily compatible with everyone. There is a difference between school and the pursuit of knowledge.
• The church of reason: a church was turned into a bar. Debates of whether it’s a holy place or not. He says it’s not a church, it’s just a building. What makes it a church is the thought: the rational examination made there. Without it, there is no thought/reason left.
• Phaedrus then discusses what a real university is. He says that there is no university/school or accreditation without reason or seeking truth. These are the origins of philosophy.
• Phaedrus was insecure in his understanding/knowledge, which drives him to pursue a subject (doubt is essential). Phaedrus has a lack of faith in reason, which made him a fanatic teacher. 

 

Week 5 Summary: Part 2 – Elazar

The balanced chemical equation for the burning of gasoline: gasoline is a hydrocarbon (CH18) and it reacts with oxygen (12.5xO2). These two react, and the product is water and CO2. Nitrogen is present in the air but not involved in the reaction. Because it is part of the combustion process, the nitrogen will break down. Fuel > air = rich. Fuel < air = lean. See the “Data” page for calculations

Diesel engines don’t have spark plugs. Rather, they ignite based off pressure.

Engine knock: If fuel is of poor quality (low octane), it doesn’t need the spark plug to ignite. If the fuel ignites too early, you’ll get an explosion without a spark. This sounds like a knock.

Reports from Lab

• Top end: We examined the valves. We started by looking at the valve stems and valve seats. Although the valve seats are in relatively good condition, we still want to re-cut it. We read up on how to use the cutter to cut new seats, but have not done so yet.
• Bottom end: It was a little bit slow. We had to be very careful. We took off the pistons – this was a very difficult process because we didn’t want the piston to get scratched. The sleeve was stuck. After that, we had to secure the cam shaft because we were trying to loosen parts of the transmission. We took the head of the engine and put it upside down and used a bbq brush to hold the cam shaft and prevent it from moving around.
• Carb: We put the carburetor into the glass beater. In order to do so, we had to remove a little wire part, and we had to figure out how to put it back on afterwards.
• Frame: Continued cleaning frame.
• Highlights: tried to remove grease on one of the covers, and used sandpaper to smooth out another piece. One piece has a crack in it, and will need to be filled with J B weld.

Jon provided a milling demonstration for the class.

Book Discussion

• Chapter 14
  • The narrator is staying with DeWeese, and delivers a Chautauqua to him, his wife, and some of his guests.
  • The narrator is rediscovering parts of Phaedrus’s past.
  • Big theme of the chapter: what makes us us?
  • The narrator sees DeWeese as “an image” from his past, not a person that he remembers. It is as if he is meeting him for the first time.
  • It’s almost as if the narrator is researching his past life, not interacting with other people on a purely human level.
  • DeWeese is more open to change than the other people around Phaedrus.
  • Assembly of Japanese bicycles – what is this discussion about?
    • Peace of mind for the mechanic – you don’t rush, you take your time. Rushing will only have bad consequences.
  • Dialectic speech and rhetoric
• Chapter 15
  • John and Sylvia leave. While the narrator’s motorcycle is being worked on, he returns to his old classroom, and many memories come back to him.
  • Interaction with Sara
  • What is Quality?

Week 6 Summary: Part 1 – Kayla

Review of last week:

• Top End: We finished taking apart the head, as well as cleaning it with the parts cleaner. We also cleaned the Cylinder with the parts cleaner, as well as the valves using Scotch Brite and the lathe. We determined everything is in great working condition and almost ready to be sandblasted and eventually put together. 
• Bottom End: With some difficulty, they removed the crank pinion gear. Engine is now emptied out and ready to be cleaned. All that remains is the oil pump.
• Frame: More sandblasting of the frame!
• Wheels: Finished taking off all the spokes, which will allow them to separate the hubs. The axle nuts were difficult to remove.
• Carb/electrical: They cleaned a bunch of parts: Used emery paper to clean the needle, the choke, and a bunch of other little parts.
• Detailing: Cleaned parts, welded the inside of the cover of the mudguard.

Friction: There are 2 types–

1. Viscous friction. It is velocity dependent: higher velocity means more friction. 
2. Coulomb friction (stick shift friction). It is independent of velocity. A breakaway force causes the object to slip (or stick slip). 

F = µN: The force at which an object begins to slide is the coefficient of friction times the normal force.

Going up an incline, depending on the angle and the coefficient of friction, an object can only go so far before it begins to slip back. This is why a locomotive cannot go up a hill (because it would slip). 

Torque = radius x force

Looking at a wheel, we want to figure out the torque on the rear wheel where the wheel just slips. We need to first find out what the down force from the motorcycle on the wheel is. 

Since it’s about 150 pounds total on each wheel. Doing some calculations, the torque that causes a wheel to slip is about 20 foot pounds at the crank for the first sprocket. We need to find the torque on the larger sprockets too, and if we add that up, it’ll equal 150 foot pounds. The size of the clutch basket is determined by the amount of torque needed on black wheel.

Torque indicator tool: Professor Littman did a demonstration of how to use this tool. 

Chain is slipping while the main hub/chain is not moving. That’s what a slip clutch is. The clutch lever pushes a pin, which releases the engine from the transmission. This protects the engine in case the transmission ever gets locked. It is re-tightened with the spring on the sides of the hubs, which are pushed in by the hubcaps.

Demonstration with a page of a book inside (surface area demo): The more surface area there is, increases the force at which an object slips. This idea is then translated with the clutch basket having multiple plates interspersed on either side with brake pads around the edges (which serve to increase the coefficient of friction), which allows for a smaller engine.

 

Book Discussion – Chapter 16:

• The main character and his son are near their school.
• The narrator talks about the theory of grades, and how they interfere with the pursuit of knowledge.
• It is interesting to examine PDF classes in the framework of a system that is grade based. On one hand, it takes the pressure off of grades and allows for learning for the sake of learning. On the other hand, if you are the only person PDFing the class, then it is still a grade based structure that you are partaking in. It is better for a PDF class to be designed as a PDF class.
• Some people do need the structure of grades to be successful, not only a matter of interest. There is no one system that works for everyone.
• Humanities vs. Science may make a difference. For science you NEED to know how to calculate things, and can’t really do away with grades and risk people slacking off. 
• He speaks about a strategy for what to do when you have writer’s block: there’s a student who works hard but doesn’t know what to write a paper on. She begins with a large, general topic, and he tells her to focus on something smaller and smaller (one brick on one building). Eventually she can write once, because she is focusing on something really specific.
• Some people shared a bit about their experiences in writing seminar

Week 6 Summary: Part 2 – Elazar

Prof. Littman posted a new copy of the motorcycle bible on the Canvas site.

 

Reports from Lab

• Top end: Last time, we finished cleaning off the head and barrel and started preparing the parts to be sandblasted. It was more work than anticipated since there are so many small pieces. We also started to learn about the rectifier.
• Bottom end: On Monday, we started by taking off the oil pump. We thought there were four springs and balls but it turned out there were only two. We took out part of the gears and started to count the teeth on the transmission to make sure they lined up correctly. After that, we took out all the smaller parts of the engine. Right now we’re ready to clean everything.
• Frame/fork: We were continuing to sandblast the frame, and we finally figured out how to get the sand to stay in the middle. We had some trouble with the sandblaster but we got help from Al.
• Carburetter/electrical: We kept cleaning the carb parts and got them ready to hopefully be put back together today, and maybe tested – but that’s less likely. We didn’t have too much trouble – we had to find one replacement gasket.
• Wheel/breaks: We worked on the bearings, hub, and rear wheels. We had some difficulty getting the front wheel bearings out.
• Detailing: We looked at how to use automotive paint.

 

Jon presents his transmission spreadsheet.

Professor Littman speaks about the mechanics of the transmission, carburetor, and alternator.

 

Book Discussion – Chapter 17

• Climbing the mountain – discussion gets deeper. Getting closer to the definition of “quality”
• Quality exists, but you can’t define it – “haywire”
• You know quality when you see it – similar to the infamous line from Potter Stewart
• Students were angry that Phaedrus assigned prompts he couldn’t answer himself
• Tips on how to make a good argument, how to have a good essay
• Climbing the mountain not for yourself but for the sake of the mountain itself – critique of his son but also a statement about values and philosophy more generally
  • “Life is a journey, not a destination”
• To the untrained eye, both types of climbing appear the same. But they are incredibly different. Similar to the narrator’s view of the motorcycle versus John and Sylvia’s – they are looking at the same thing but what they see is totally different
• Phaedrus was very driven to answer philosophical questions. Most people are not

Week 7 Summary: Leighton

Book Discussion/Summaries:

Chapter 18: The main theme of this chapter is the nuanced idea of quality. Despite his overly rational definition-seeking approach, the idea is undefinable, although the narrator begins to have thoughts on the topic – especially appreciating the value of quality on the artistry of the world, saving it from becoming “square”. He also sees quality as critical to the divide between the classic and romantic, and the term itself exemplifies this: it cannot be understood through the classic, rational way of thinking as it cannot be defined. There is also a continued focus on the father-son relationship – as Chris does not behave well throughout the hike, his father’s reaction/opinion on this behaviour changes, growing increasingly negative. 

Chapter 19: The chapter begins with a meaningful, symbolic dream – the narrator is separated from his wife and children by a glass door and does not open it even when Chris asks. This is significant for the development of their relationship, as it shows the narrator worries about Chris’ anxiety of being so distant and separated from his father figure, and he potentially is responsible. Phaedrus continues to be occupied by the idea and definition of quality – particularly with the question of whether it is subjective or objective, first concluding that it is neither but all three exist separately, and then later deciding quality is neither because it is what enables subjectivity and objectivity altogether.

Weekly Updates from Wednesday:

Bottom End: 

• Bearing inside one of the engine plates that needs to be replaced (not smooth even after cleaning)
  • Had to get that out, multi-part process that took longer than expected 
• Crank shaft also not moving correctly on the axis 
  • Need to make sure that the fly wheel is balanced (centered)
  • Connecting rod can’t be skewed, otherwise will result in a wobble 
• Going to work on those two issues today

Frame and Fork Group:

• Routine day on Monday 
• Cleaning and sandblasting various remaining parts of the frame 
• Today starting on degreasing the forks, quite messy and going to be a longer process

Carb / Electrical Group:

• On Monday were working on finishing the carburetor and trying to get it to fit on the 1956 Terrier
• First time we’ll be using this sort of carburetor 

Wheel Group:

• Need to sandblast the other hub
• Clean in the bearings 
• Will go in with a wire brush 

Mechanical Discussions:

Question: How can you fix damaged threads?

• Option 1: Make an insert with an internal thread 
  • Existing hole becomes bigger 
• Option 2: hyla coils (looks like a spring)
  • Need the same number of threads per inch
• Again, threads are a whole science and very complicated : must be very careful to avoid damaging in the first place 
• One of the bottom end screws is damaged and will have to be fixed 

• Mushrooming: bolts are elastic, if you hit them very hard they will deform
  • Balloons at the top 
  • Threads get pushed together and you can’t screw things in
  • Instead, thread on a nut and hit the nut instead (nut makes certain the threads stay the right distance)
  • Sometimes best to avoid the hammer on the precision parts 

Fluid Dynamics:

• Professor Martenelli coming a week from today 
  • Expert on fluid dynamics
  • Also with a student who has been working on designing race cars, sailboats and airplanes
  • All through computational fluid mechanics
  • Relevant for our understanding of aerodynamics

Combustion:

• 7 to 1 combustion ratio
• Question: How much force would it take to push the piston from bottom dead center to top dead center?
  • Consider atmospheric pressure at the bottom vs top (factor of 7 x 15lbs per square inch) and area of the piston (estimated 5 sq inches)
    • Another factor of 7 when you explode the gas
  • 500 lbs of force pushing up the piston 
  • 3500lbs of force pushing down 
  • Simple calculations but very important for engineers to consider – thinking in advance about potential problems 
    • Sometimes intuitive but helpful to apply math to find out exact numbers

Rotor and stator:

• Stator made up of Cables on the outside, middle is a magnet. 3 sets of 2.
• To start a motorcycle, voltage is needed for the spark. One cable for spark, one for lighting, one for horn
• Different wire diameters. Fine wire for ignition. Coarse wires for lighting and horn
  • Red wire is the ground wire 
• When you spin it, goes positive and then negative (aka an alternator)
  • Property of moving magnets 
  • As it enters the field goes up, exits goes down
• Plotted: Voltage vs time
• Amplitude went higher : rate of change in a magnetic field is proportional to the voltage 

Question: How do you charge a battery?

• Our motorcycle battery is DC: direct current
  • You can’t put AC in and expect it to charge : positive then negative switches cancels out 
  • Need a diode (only allows a lot of current in one direction, very small amount in the other)
    • Doesn’t start to conduct until you reach a certain limit
• Thus one way to charge a battery: Use the output of the alternator and put a diode in series with it and 

• Better way to do it: use four diodes instead
  • Can be done with one but more efficient with all four 
  • Full wave rectifier bridge 

Question: What causes the increase in the voltage is a change in the current 

• • Power charges up the capacitor 
  • Once fully charged, no current flowing
  • Subsequent magnetic change 

Week 8 Summary: Luke

Reports from Lab:

During the week, the Top End re-tuned and started up the old motorcycle. The speedometer was hanging down and touching the exhaust pipe, but the motorcycle ran! They polished the inside of the barrel and measured its diameter. Also learned about lapping: Using a slightly abrasive compound, you put a valve in the engine and turn the valve to mesh them together. The Bottom End got the bearing out using the arbor press and had to weld the engine case to eventually create brand new threads. The old threads no longer work. 

The Frames and Forks group sanded down parts of the frame, primed once again to prep for painting, and started cleaning the battery packs and oil tanks. The Wheels/Brakes group took out a final bearing in the hub. They checked that the bearings accepted the wheel nut. Note: The retaining plate that holds the bearing has two. One bearing in the plate is a right-hand thread, and the other is a left-hand thread. This is intentional and focused on going forward and backward. 

The Carb/Electrical team hooked up our carburetor to one of the other motorcycles and got it to work. Then they started looking for an ignition switch and other parts of the electrical system. We need a stator that fits around the rotor snugly. Detailing worked on designs, as well as used bondo and cleaned more parts to prep for painting.

Meeting with Professor Martinelli:

Professor Martinelli discussed fluid flows (like air/water) and how they oppose motion. One example is drag. The more organized the flow around an object, the less the drag. When organized motion becomes more turbulent and chaotic, drag increases. Besides drag, lateral, lifting, and downward forces are also possible.

Internal combustion engines are based on fluid mechanics (internal and external fluid mechanics are both relevant). One relevant term is the Venturi effect: shows relationship of the change in kinetic energy/velocity of the fluid (the starting velocity/pressure/area/etc. Has to come out the other side). Also relevant is convective heat transfer: a method to make heat flow from engine to outside to keep the engine cool. Of note, the rate of heat removed is proportional to the area times coefficient times the difference in temperature. You can increase heat transferred by increasing the area (such as the fins on the engine). You can use the energy balance for the fins to find their optimal thickness and spacing. And you can guess the flow along the underside of the car to give it downward force using the Venturi effect (most F1 cars use this more than wings). However the flow rate can change and cause the car to pop up and down. 

Other notes were that you first check designs in 2D, where there are lift and drag forces. Then, in 3D, there are additional factors. For example, for planes, these forces bunch up at the tip of the wing where forces meet, spiral, and vortex. This is why planes have to wait more time for takeoff. 

A major takeaway is that there’s always a reason for what you see.

Book Notes: 

In chapters 20 and 21, the main theme of this chapter is quality and how it encapsulates everything. It is above classical/romantic ways of thinking. It is so simple that it cannot be defined. 

Pirsig discusses Tao Te Ching, where Lao Tzu discusses how the way guides everything. Phaedrus also used Lao Tzu’s book as a basis for his thinking about quality.

Pirsig continues that quality is its own entity, and that it is interrelated with nature and is outside of objective/subjective. It connects time to quality and how the past is more classical quality and the present is a more romantic version of quality. 

In the plot, the narrator doesn’t want to go up to the peak because Phaedrus had said he would meet Chris at the top. The narrator is spooked because Phaedrus is starting to appear, and decides not to pursue Phaedrus any further. 

In chapters 22 and 23, the author focuses on Poincaré and how his ideas integrate the theoretical and practical aspects of Phaedrus’ theory about quality. The paradox is that there are more than two different ways of looking at geometry. There is no best, it is just whichever works best in different situations. Pirsig discusses the theory of relativity and non-euclidean geometries, which represent our universe better than Euclidean geometries.

Discusses revolution in science with the end of absolutes. When Poincaré dies, relativity and quantum mechanics are getting started, no absolute space, substance, magnitude, etc.

The narrator and Chris continue to travel west, although the narrator is tired at the end of chapter 22, and short with Chris. In chapter 23, Phaedrus is in a coffin and is trying to reach out but can’t.

Week 9 Summary: Will

Meeting with Bill

Bill gave a presentation on the history and components of motorcycle wheels. He explained how properties like the speed of the motorcycle, force on the wheels, weight of the wheels, material used in the wheels, and other characteristics affected the design and progress of the wheel throughout history. Furthermore, he detailed how the differently positioned spokes served different purposes depending on the direction and orientation of the wheels/motorcycle.

Reports from Lab:

Top end: finished putting together the head and worked with the valves to get them positioned correctly. David worked on the orange bike and cleaned out an oil leak and gasket. He will continue working on the electrical wiring.

Bottom end: went down to the machine shop and used cutting fluid and sand paper to lap scratches off the side cover. This helps to prevent oil leaks from the engine. Counterbored a broken screw hole on engine casing with Glen’s help. Next class will continue polishing side covers.

Frame: worked on degreasing and sanding fork tubes. Found a hole that could pose problems with putting the frame back together.

Electrical: cleaned distributor to get rust and oil off it. The distributor is an important component that affects the timing and sparking.

Wheels: put bearings into the wheel hub and used grease gun to make the rotation smoother with Bill’s help. Started lacing the spokes and had to counterbore the holes because some spokes were a bit too big for the holes.

Detailing: Audrey made a design for a hoodie. Also worked on sanding paint off the oil tank.

Book Notes:

Chapter 24 focuses on the concept of “stuckness.” The narrator emphasizes the importance of being stuck, similar to the importance of failing, as it helps people develop problem solving skills. We discussed personal experiences with being stuck and how taking a break from a problem can help one develop a creative solution to the issue.

Chapter 25 discusses the romantic aversion to technology produced by classic reason. The narrator explains that technology is not bad. However, if people are not interested in the art of technology and its creation, then it prevents a craftsman from identifying with their work. The narrator also emphasizes that “peace of mind” is necessary to truly appreciate technology. He details different types of “quietness,” including body, mind, and values. This is similar to “being in the zone” when working on a problem or playing a sport as one is only focused on their goal.

Chapter 26 focuses on the idea of “gumption,” which is what motivates an individual to pursue their goals like maintaining a motorcycle. However, a person can fall into “gumption traps” that drain their motivation. These traps are divided into two categories: “setbacks” and “hang-ups.” Setbacks come from external circumstances, such as missing parts or misassemblies of a motorcycle. However, hang-ups arise from within the individual and include “truth-traps,” “muscle traps,” and “value traps.” The narrator particularly warns against having rigid values as it could prevent a person from reevaluating problems and truly understanding.

Week 10 Summary: David

Reports from Lab:

Top End: On Monday, they finished up the head by putting the other rocker in, reconnecting the oil lines to the top, and putting the valve covers back on. Finally, they made sure all the holes were clear by blasting them with air.

Bottom End: They finished polishing all the side covers, and buffing still needs to be done. They used a press to install the main ball bearing on the crankshaft. 

Frame: They finished priming both fork tubes and drilling them. Today, they are ready to paint the tubes. While cleaning fork tubes, the sandblaster tip had busted a hole. A spare tip was fitted to the gun.

Electrical: Last class, they worked on the timing and distributor. The motorcycle still needs the timing adjusted, and to find the right advance timing. 

Wheels: Monday, they finished lacing the second wheel meaning both wheels are now laced with the right spoke pattern. Today, they will work to true the wheel, balance it, and make sure it rotates well. 

Detailing: They have been working on the hoodies. The class settled on a black and white design to simplify the production process. 

Book Notes: Shop Class As Soulcraft

Introduction

Matthew Crawford got a Ph.D. in political science and worked for a think tank for a little while, but then decided to spend his time working on motorcycles.

This part centered on what is valuable work. An interesting parallel is when we go to interviews, they don’t actually care what grades you have, but rather what skills and interests you have. In the think tank world, he felt that was not intellectually stimulating for him, and it was when he was working on motorcycles that he was able to reach that level. 

Comments over the hood of a car – Mercedez and a lot of cars don’t have dipsticks, and there is almost this hood under a hood. This is because the manufacturers want to hide away the technology. In the older models, they had public catalogs, but then they realized people would take those for granted and so they stopped open-sourcing those

He discusses trade school as closing yourself off to other possibilities. This is because you gain a very specific skill, and you only apply that in your future jobs. 

He also explains he’s trying to make a case for the trades (skills) as valuable. There is a great value in hand-made things, like art, especially in the context of a machine shop

Chapter 1

Having hobbies are generally not economically valuable, but it is the process of doing them, not the result, that matters. At this point, you’re not buying something that was mass-produced in a factory. Instead, you’re doing something meaningful and adding value to the world. An example from the book is how some restaurant workers were wearing shirts from his shop-bringing him a sense of pride.

Narcissist vs repairman: the narcissist is prone to magical thinking, but repairmen put themselves in the service of others and fix things that others depend on. In this case, the repairman is a more humble job and gives him a sense of pride in the work he does.

Diagnostic: a repairman needs to ask a washing machine what it needs. Related to this is the notion of problem finding vs problem-solving. To work as a repair person, you must do something analytic and diagnostic which requires problem finding. This is a higher-level skill than problem-solving from a textbook.

Chapter 2

There is the Smith Hughes from 1917 with two purposes. The first is to educate all children, the second is to educate children about knowledge workers in the shop environment. This was called Taylorism, which allowed us to use less-skilled workers in order to achieve the same level of quality product in the end.

In the first year of the assembly line, people would stick it out for a month or two until they would leave in disgust. In order to solve this, they went from $2.5 a day to $5 a day. They initially thought Ford was a socialist at this, but he later said it was the highest cost-saving action he took.

The ultimate message: Work that engages the human capacities as fully as possible

Week 11 Summary – Gabby

Reports from the Lab

Top End

• Used high heat capacity spray paint to paint the barrel black
• David continued his work on the other motorcycles , mostly removing bad solder

Bottom End

• Went to the MAE shop to press out old ball bearing and press in a new ball bearing
• Cleaned seals
• Looked for new fasteners to replace damaged ones

Frame Fork

• Installed ball bearings that are part of the steering assembly (upper, lower)
• Drilled out holes/areas on the frame for install
• Started assembling the front end to include the fork tubes and springs

Carb

• Looked for ignition coil hardware
• Cut wires to prep them for wiring to the carburetor and battery box respectively
• Considering adding a switch to the battery box

Wheels

• Used dremel to shave down some protruding spokes, one wheel completed
• Working on bearings

Detailing

• Ordered supplies for the wheel rims
• Sand blasted a fender
• Painted more parts
• Primed the battery box
• Need to do more work on the fenders

Tucker showed us his working fuel injector a few weeks ago and gave us an update on how its progressing

Book Discussion-Chapters 3, 4, 5

Chapter 3 – To Be Master of One’s Own Stuff

• This chapter has a section called agency vs autonomy
  • In this section the meaning of being self sufficient is explored and how that leads to ones ability to control what happens in their world.
• Important to note that the author defines things and devices uniquely in this chapter
• To relate the chapters concepts to motorcycles, we discussed the hand pump vs the kickstarter and how things transitioned or evolved giving the function more autonomy.
  • The hand pump for oil was replaced by an oil pump
  • The kickstarter system was replaced by an electric starter/switch
• Negatives to consider when going automatic
  • There is always something lost and something gained
  • No matter how advanced technology becomes, being aware of functionality and needs of a system is still vital

Chapter 4 – The Education of a Gearhead

• This chapter discusses job field compatibility
• We spoke about the theme in the chapter about temperament being more important, and how sometimes people gravitate to things they aren’t naturally good at.
  • The author says “different kinds of work attract different human types.” If we find a type of work that is fitting we are lucky.
  • important quote: ” The work a man does, forms him.” Life choices aren’t that simple and struggling with what job to select is common.
  • The battle between what we want to do vs what we should do
• The stochastic arts – things that are always doomed to fail
  • Medicine, treating patients ailments when all humans eventually die
  • fixing things – fixing an object knowing that it will ultimately fail again
  • Motorcycle repair falls in this category
• Opposite of stochastic arts – constructing something
  • to be a builder and create something

Chapter 5 – The Further Education of a Gearhead: From Amateur to Professional

• The decision for the author to turn away from his Phd towards his passion
• “The idiotic mechanic”
  • making mistakes while fixing motorcycles, but learning along the way
• When working on someones motorcycle, do you fix it to satisfy yourself or to make it operational again

 

Week 12 Summary – Zayvinn

Reports

Frame Fork

• One of the fork tubes was binding
• The bronze bushing was tight so the prof turned them down a little
• Bushing is at the bottom of the tube and on the inner forks
  • The forks slide on a tube like a trombone and a spring keeps it centered

Carb

• Got the motorcycle going and looked for battery box arts

\Wheel

• Pressed the bearings in farther and put a retaining ring and dust cover
• Used tool to squeeze it and then put it in
• Can put the inner tube and tires on today
  • Prof will work with them
  • Has spare inner tubes in case they mess up

Detailing

• Started stenciling badges
  • Will finish them today
• Found new shiny badges
• Using a different tank with a strut in the middle for rigidity
• Group Model T pictures wooo

 

Book Discussion-Chapters 6, 7, 8

Contradictions of the Cubicle – Writing abstracts for a company

• Had to skim the readings down to compress into an abstract
• He was thinking without doing which is opposite of what he wanted
• Message:
  • Setting these standards for the industry corrupts the industry
  • The company had no competition so there were no objective measures of doing a good job
  • Manager made comment that the measure would be based on the market
    • If it wasn’t good, it wouldn’t sell
  • The metric was just how many abstracts were written
  • He didn’t enjoy it because he felt it was useless
  • What college was for:
    • Teamwork was more important than their specific skills
    • There’s no correlation between degree result and how well you worked in the company
    • College was a certification of discipline
    • Discipline not just to work but also to be a subordinate
    • It’s about credentialling not about education
      • Compares to trade education since they learn tangible skills
    • Prepares you to be a mid-level person
  • Goals of Princeton: Creation of new knowledge and education for leadership
  • Difference between a Crew and a Team:
    • A team is where it’s harder to measure individual contribution and skills are muddled
    • A crew has individual skill and can separate everyone’s contributions
    • Size of a team matters for the roles and dynamics

Thinking as doing – Knowing that vs knowing how

• Knowing that is understanding conceptually
• Knowing how is knowing the hands on
• Ohm’s Law and muddy boots
  • Can know V=IR but you also need to know how to apply it
  • WD-40 and Volkswagen
• Cars have diagnostic systems
  • Customers can think the wrong thing is wrong
  • Makes job harder for mechanics since they just need to look
  • But it also helps customers know that something is wrong in general
• Anecdote about kid who never learned how to take a square root without a calculator
  • Doesn’t know what’s wrong when calculator gives wrong answer
  • Applies to engineering
    • Need to have basic understanding to make sure results make sense. Stress and fluid analysis for example.
  • Learn how to think rather than how to do
  • Have to go back to the basics to reinforce what you know
  • Firefighter vs Chess master
    • Pattern Recognition
    • Rule based
      • Following a decision tree
      • People don’t work this way
    • Need flexibility in thinking

Work, leisure, and full engagement – Why he chose to be a motorcycle mechanic

• Desk job means you’re seeking leisure time
• Mechanic means you’re seeking gratification from within your job
• Establishing Community
  • Banks lost connection with their customers
  • Better when banker knew the customer personally through the community
  • He liked having relationship with his customers directly and could see the products of his labor
• Some jobs are not able to be measured objectively
  • There are objective measures in the trades

Failure makes you humble

“From the spoon to the city”