Primary Sources

Heaney, Seamus. “North.” In North. London: Faber, 1975.

Hreinsson, Viđar, trans.. “The Tale of Thorstein Bull’s-Leg (Þorsteins þáttr uxafóts).” In The Complete Sagas of Icelanders Including 49 Tales, 4:340–54. Reykjavík: Leifur Eiríksson Publishing, 1997.

Sturluson, Snorri. “Gylfaginning.” [The Tricking of Gylfi] In Edda, translated by Anthony Faulkes, 7–54. London: J. M. Dent, 1995.

Terry, Patricia, trans. “Völuspá.” In Poems of the Elder Edda, 2nd ed., 1–10. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.

Secondary Sources

Byock, Jesse L. Viking Age Iceland. London: Penguin, 2001.

Dunn, Charles. “Introduction.” In Poems of the Elder Edda, 2nd ed., xv-xxvi. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.

Graham-Campbell, James. Viking Art. 3rd ed. London: Thames and Hudson, 2021.

National Museum of Denmark. “A Seeress from Fyrkat?” (online)

Nordvig, Mathias, and Felix Riede. “Are There Echoes of the AD 536 Event in the Viking Ragnarok Myth? A Critical Appraisal.” Environment and History 24 (2018): 303–24.

Ólason, Vésteinn. “Völuspá and Time.” In The Nordic Apocalypse: Approaches to Völuspá and Nordic Days of Judgement, edited by Terry Gunnel and Annette Lassen, 25-44. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2013.

Pálsson, Hermann. Völuspá: The Sybil’s Prophecy. Edinburgh: Lockharton Press, 1996.

Pétursson, Pétur. “Introduction.” In The Nordic Apocalypse: Approaches to Völuspá and Nordic Days of Judgement, edited by Terry Gunnel and Annette Lassen, xiii-xvii. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2013.

Price, Neil. “The Home of Their Shapes.” In Children of Ash and Elm: A History of the Vikings, 31–63. New York: Basic Books, 2020.

Sigurðson, Gísli. “Völuspá as a Product of an Oral Tradition: What Does that Entail?” In The Nordic Apocalypse: Approaches to Völuspá and Nordic Days of Judgement, edited by Terry Gunnel and Annette Lassen, 45–62. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2013.

Terry, Patricia. “Preface to the 1969 Edition.” In Poems of the Elder Edda, 2nd ed., xi-xiv. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.

Viking Ship Museum. “Sea Stallion from Glendalough.” (online)

Walsh, Madeline. “Dressing for Ragnarök? Commodifying, Appropriating and Fetishising Vikings.” In Digging into the Dark Ages: Early Medieval Public Archaeologies, edited by Howard Williams and Pauline Clarke, 65–73. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, 2020.

Further Reading

Terry, Patricia, trans. Poems of the Elder Edda, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.

     It’s important to remember that the Völuspá doesn’t exist in a vacuum. The other poems of the Elder Edda provide counterparts to both its form and subject; look for the characters we encounter in the Völuspá and how poetic meter changes from poem to poem.

Thorpe, Benjamin, trans. “Völuspâ. The Vala’s Prophecy.” In The Elder Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; And the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson. Project Gutenberg: 2005. Link.

     Antiquated full, translation of the Völuspá, originally released in 1906. It is interesting to compare how the methods of communicating these poems to and English speaking audience has changed in the past one-hundred years; the front matter is notable in this regard. Also includes the other poems of the Elder Edda and Snorri’s Prose Edda.

Acknowledgements

First and foremost, Professor Matthew Delvaux provided constant advice and guidance during the paper and throughout the course; thank you for making this paper and this class possible. It has been a wonderful semester. Mitra Abbaspour was very generous with her time and expertise on the museum exhibition craft. Julia Stern and Kate Wesely-Jones provided moral support throughout the project, and each and every member of our seminar shaped how I viewed the Viking Age. I would also like to thank all those who made our trip in Denmark possible—from the scholars, to the drivers and hotel personnel, to those behind the scenes working the Humanities Council at Princeton. And, as always, thanks to my parents.

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