Nearly four years after a peace deal that ended Ethiopia’s last war, no one has answered for its atrocities, and impunity has begun to fuel the next one.
Every evening, Mekdi Yilma calls her mother, Seble Beyene, in Addis Ababa from her home in Palo Alto, California. Since phone and internet service across Tigray went dark in late September, their calls have kept circling back to the same question. “We were told the peace would bring justice,” Beyene said. “The last time we have seen conflict reach this level, we lost two years of our country to war.”
For many observers, this lack of accountability lies at the heart of why Ethiopia is sliding back into this tumultuous conflict. The 2022 peace deal stopped the fighting, but the justice it promised never followed.
Ethiopia’s federal government fought the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), the party that governs the northern Tigray region. Federal troops were backed by soldiers from neighboring Eritrea and the Fano, militias from Amhara, the large region bordering Tigray to the south. This conflict ballooned, and by some estimates, up to 600,000 people were killed marking it as one of deadliest wars in the 21st century.
Despite its scale, the war drew only a fraction of the attention given to Syria or Ukraine. “In 2020, when I told coworkers my family was in a war zone, they asked me where Tigray was,” Yilma said. Even the UN Security Council was unable to agree on a statement about Tigray in 2021, after Russia, China and India objected that it was an internal matter.
In November 2022, the both sides signed a peace agreement in Pretoria, South Africa, which committed Ethiopia to investigate abuses and hold those responsible to account. Yet an independent assessment reported by The Reporter Ethiopia this past May found that while the deal ended the fighting, it fell far short on the justice part. The UN Human Rights Council had also warned that credible accountability was crucial for lasting peace, urging Ethiopia to act. When the deal was signed, analysts at the Institute for Security Studies noted that Ethiopia had attempted transitional justice three times in the past five decades.
Amidst this chaos, accountability has also escaped. In 2023, Amnesty International cited that Facebook, Ethiopia’s most popular social media platform, amplified content inciting violence against Tigrayans through algorithms designed to maximize engagement. One of the victims was Meareg Amare, a chemistry professor who was shot dead outside his home by armed men in motor bikes after posts sharing his home address spread across the platform. His son, Abrham Meareg, said he reported the posts, but Meta only responded after his father had been killed. In 2025, Kenya’s High Court allowed a lawsuit brought by Abrham Meareg to move forward, seeking a $2.4 billion fund for victims and changes to Facebook’s algorithm. Meta, which says it has invested in safety and moderation, has contested the case.
For Yilma, a machine learning engineer, this risk feels close to home. “I build recommendation systems for a living. They reward whatever keeps people scrolling. With Tigray cut off, the outside world sees only what the algorithm chooses to show.”
The Pretoria agreement also left the war’s deepest divisions largely unresolved. For instance, Eritrea, whose troops were accused of some of the worst atrocities, was excluded from the deal. Likewise, the status of Western Tigray, land claimed by Tigray and Amhara, was left unsettled. When the federal government moved in 2023 to absorb regional forces, Fano turned against its former ally. Interestingly, the May assessment had warned of exactly this, concluding that without victim-centered accountability and reconciliation, the agreement would remain vulnerable to upturn.
On Sept. 20, seven armed groups, including the TPLF and the Fano militias that once fought against it, formed an alliance to overthrow Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. The Ethiopian government blamed foreign powers for the escalation. Abiy’s spokesperson, Billene Seyoum, said the alliance had been operating with financial backing from neighboring Eritrea, and the army chief has accused Egypt and Sudan of supporting the rebels. In a Sept. 24 letter, the group Justice for Tigray insisted that “accountability must apply equally to everyone.”
Fighting has since spread into Amhara and Afar. Tigrayan forces seized three regional airports and Ethiopian Airlines suspended flights. The UN Human Rights Office reported that federal airstrikes, some reportedly carried out by drones, hit five schools in Tigray on Sept. 22. It has also documented allegations that the TPLF is forcibly recruiting civilians, including children. In Afar alone, a humanitarian source estimated that at least 150,000 people have been displaced.
In 2025, the International Organization for Migration recorded 922 deaths and disappearances along the “Eastern Route” from the Horn of Africa through Djibouti and Yemen toward Saudi Arabia, nearly double the year before and the deadliest year since monitoring began in 2014. Ethiopians made up 97% of migrants tracked on the route. In 2023, Human Rights Watch accused Saudi border guards of killing hundreds of Ethiopian migrants attempting to cross from Yemen, a charge the Saudi government has denied.
Beyene has chosen to stay. “I do not need anyone to tell me who is to blame,” she said. “I need someone to write down what is happening now, so history cannot repeat a third time.”
Sources:
“As Fighting Intensifies, Humanitarian Source Estimates at Least 150,000 Displaced in Afar, Tigray TV Hit by Drone.” Addis Standard, 28 September 2026. Addis Standard article
Council on Foreign Relations. “Conflict in Ethiopia.” Global Conflict Tracker, updated 25 September 2026. CFR Global Conflict Tracker
“Former Enemies Form Alliance to Overthrow Ethiopia’s Abiy Ahmed.” Agence France-Presse, via inkl, 21 September 2026. Inkl Article
International Crisis Group. “Arresting the Dangerous Descent Back into War in Northern Ethiopia.” International Crisis Group, September 2026. Crisis Group statement
“Seven Ethiopian Armed Groups Announce Anti-Government Alliance.” Reuters, via U.S. News & World Report, 21 September 2026. U.S. News article
“‘Negative Peace’ Sole Outcome of Flawed Pretoria Agreement Implementation: Report.” The Reporter Ethiopia, 22 May 2026. Reporter article
Amnesty International. “‘A Death Sentence for My Father’: Meta’s Contribution to Human Rights Abuses in Northern Ethiopia.” Amnesty International, 31 October 2023. Amnesty report
“Meta Can Be Sued in Kenya over Posts Related to Ethiopia Violence, Court Rules.” Reuters, via Yahoo News, April 2025. Reuters article
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Justice for Tigray. “Urgent Concern Regarding Ambassador Massinga’s Statement on Renewed Conflict in Tigray.” Change.org, 24 September 2026. Justice for Tigray letter
Africanews. “Facebook’s Algorithms Supercharged Hate Speech in Ethiopia’s Tigray Conflict.” Africanews, 31 October 2023. Africanews article
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