{"id":83,"date":"2023-02-07T14:27:15","date_gmt":"2023-02-07T14:27:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/paper\/?page_id=83"},"modified":"2026-08-03T12:42:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T16:42:21","slug":"chapter-29","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/thinkingonpaper\/chapter-29\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 29: Peking University and Modern China \u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e[1] 1898\u5e74\uff0c\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u6bd4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5f88\u77ed\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5374\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u6b27\u7f8e\u5927\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b[2] \u4e2d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u8ffd\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891[3] \uff0c\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c61\u5f81\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u5317\u5927\u7cbe\u795e[4] \u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u51e0\u4ef6\u5927\u4e8b\u548c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u5206\u4e0d\u5f00\u7684\u30021917\u5e74\u7684\u767d\u8bdd\u6587[5] \u8fd0\u52a8\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4e66\u9762\u8bed\u8a00[6] \u6e10\u6e10\u5730\u7531\u53e4\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u8f6c\u5316[7] \u5230\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\uff1b1919\u5e74\u7684\u4e94\u56db\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u91cf[8] \u4ecb\u7ecd\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u6765\uff1b1921\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u66f4\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f80\u540e[9] \u5386\u53f2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4e0d\u4f46\u53c2\u4e0e\u800c\u4e14\u9886\u5bfc\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u53d1\u6e90\u5730[10] \u3002
\n\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u539f\u6765\u7684\u6821\u56ed\u5728\u79bb\u738b\u5e9c\u4e95\u4e0d\u8fdc\u7684\u6c99\u6ee9\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u680b[11] \u9762\u79ef[12] \u5e76\u4e0d\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u7ea2\u697c\u3002\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u8fd8\u5728\u7ea2\u697c\u91cc\u5f53\u8fc7\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u5458[13] \u3002\u6211\u6bcf\u6b21\u7ecf\u8fc7[14] \u7ea2\u697c\uff0c\u603b\u5fcd\u4e0d\u4f4f\u60f3\u8d77\u8fd9\u680b\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u7adf\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6447\u7bee[15] \u554a\uff01\u4ece\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6700\u80fd\u770b\u51fa\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

1949\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u89e3\u653e\u201d\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5374\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u81f3\u5c11\u670930\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u5f97\u5b66\u4e60\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u601d\u60f3\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5317\u5927\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u4f18\u826f\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u57281949\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u6467\u6bc1[16] \u3002\u4e94\u56db\u8fd0\u52a8\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u5317\u5927\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u7684\u539f\u52a8\u529b[17] \uff0c1949\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5317\u5927\u6210\u4e86\u88ab\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5317\u5927\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6559\u6388\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u5728\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u671f\u95f4\u53d7\u5230\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c[18] \u8fd9\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u91cd\u5927[19] \u7684\u635f\u5931[20] \uff01<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6821\u56ed\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5f53\u5e74[21] \u7684\u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\uff0c[22] \u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u521b\u529e\u4eba[23] \u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb[24] \u53f8\u5f92\u96f7\u767b(John Leighton Stuart, 1876-1962)\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u751f\u6d3b\u4e8650\u5e74\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f1949\u5e74\u4e2d\u7f8e\u65ad\u7edd[25] \u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4efb[26] \u7684\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f[27] \u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e8b\u4e1a\u505a\u51fa\u8fc7\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\uff0c1949\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u5386[28] \u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5[29] \u957f\u65f6\u671f[30] \u5168\u9762\u7684\u53cd\u7f8e\uff0c\u4f7f\u53f8\u5f92\u96f7\u767b\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4f4d\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u6709\u8fc7\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u7adf\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u6392\u5916[31] \u548c\u4ec7\u5916[32] \u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e9a\u4e8e[33] \u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u5d07\u6d0b\u5a9a\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c31\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e94\u56db\u8fd0\u52a8\u524d\u540e\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3[34] \uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49[35] \u90fd\u80fd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u8868\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u8fa9\u8bba[36] \u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66[37] \u548c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66[38] \u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5728\u8fd930\u5e74\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u98de\u8dc3[39] \u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u5e0c\u671b\u5317\u5927\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4f18\u826f\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u80fd\u5f88\u5feb\u5730\u5728\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bad\u7ec3\u5b98\u50da[40] \u548c\u6280\u5e08[41] \u7684\u573a\u6240[42] \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4f46\u4f1a\u8ba9\u5927\u5b66\u7834\u4ea7[43] \uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8ba9\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u505c\u6ede[44] \u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8e<\/td>y\u00fa<\/td>prep.<\/td>(indicating time, place) in; on; at<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/td>j\u00ecnch\u00e9ng<\/td>n.<\/td>course; process<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891<\/td>l\u01d0ch\u00e9ng b\u0113i<\/td>n.<\/td>milestone (usu. in the course of historical development)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u7cbe\u795e<\/td>j\u012bngsh\u00e9n<\/td>n.<\/td>spirit<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u767d\u8bdd\u6587\u8fd0\u52a8<\/td>B\u00e1ihu\u00e0w\u00e9n Y\u00f9nd\u00f2ng<\/td>n.<\/td>The Vernacular Movement (1917-1919)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u4e66\u9762\u8bed\u8a00<\/td>sh\u016bmi\u00e0n y\u01d4y\u00e1n<\/td>n.<\/td>written language<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u8f6c\u5316<\/td>zhu\u01cenhu\u00e0<\/td>v.<\/td>to change; to transform<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u5927\u91cf<\/td>d\u00e0li\u00e0ng<\/td>adv.<\/td>in great quantities; in volume<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u5f80\u540e<\/td>w\u01cengh\u00f2u<\/td>n.<\/td>later on; henceforth<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u53d1\u6e90\u5730<\/td>f\u0101yu\u00e1n d\u00ec<\/td>n.<\/td>(of a river, historical event) place of origin; source<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u680b<\/td>d\u00f2ng<\/td>m.w.<\/td>measure word for buildings<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u9762\u79ef<\/td>mi\u00e0nj\u012b<\/td>n.<\/td>area (of a floor, piece of land, etc.)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u5458<\/td>t\u00fash\u016bgu\u01cen yu\u00e1n<\/td>n.<\/td>librarian<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u7ecf\u8fc7<\/td>j\u012bnggu\u00f2<\/td>v.<\/td>to go through; to experience<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u6447\u7bee<\/td>y\u00e1ol\u00e1n<\/td>n.<\/td>cradle; (fig.) place of origin<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u6467\u6bc1<\/td>cu\u012bhu\u01d0<\/td>v.<\/td>to destroy; to smash into pieces; to wreck (buildings, enemy forces, etc.)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u539f\u52a8\u529b<\/td>yu\u00e1n d\u00f2ngl\u00ec<\/td>n.<\/td>motive power; prime mover; first cause<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u8feb\u5bb3<\/td>p\u00f2h\u00e0i<\/td>v.<\/td>to persecute<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u91cd\u5927<\/td>zh\u00f2ngd\u00e0<\/td>adj.<\/td>major, significant (discoveries, contributions, loss, etc.)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u635f\u5931<\/td>s\u01d4nsh\u012b<\/td>n.<\/td>loss<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u5f53\u5e74<\/td>d\u0101ngni\u00e1n<\/td>n.<\/td>those years\/days; back then<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u71d5\u4eac\u5927\u5b66<\/td>Y\u0101nj\u012bng D\u00e0xu\u00e9<\/td>n.<\/td>Yenching University (1919-1952)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u521b\u529e\u4eba<\/td>chu\u00e0ngb\u00e0n r\u00e9n<\/td>n.<\/td>founder<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u4f20\u6559\u58eb<\/td>chu\u00e1nji\u00e0o sh\u00ec<\/td>n.<\/td>missionary<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u65ad\u7edd<\/td>du\u00e0nju\u00e9<\/td>v.<\/td>to sever; to break off<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u4efb<\/td>r\u00e8n<\/td>m.w.<\/td>measure word for the number of terms served on an official post<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f<\/td>zh\u016bhu\u00e1 d\u00e0sh\u01d0<\/td>n.<\/td>ambassador to China<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u7ecf\u5386<\/td>j\u012bngl\u00ec<\/td>n.<\/td>experience<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u6bb5<\/td>du\u00e0n<\/td>m.w.<\/td>measure word for (time, experience, relation, passage, paragraph)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u957f\u65f6\u671f<\/td>ch\u00e1ng sh\u00edq\u012b<\/td>adj.\/adv.<\/td>(over) a long period of time<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u6392\u5916<\/td>p\u00e1iw\u00e0i<\/td>v.-o.<\/td>to exclude or resist anything foreign; exclusionary; anti-foreign<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u4ec7\u5916<\/td>ch\u00f3uw\u00e0i<\/td>v.-o<\/td>to feel animosity towards anything foreign; xenophobia<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u4e0d\u4e9a\u4e8e<\/td>b\u00fa y\u00e0y\u00fa<\/td>v.<\/td>to not be inferior to<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3<\/td>hu\u00e1ngj\u012bn sh\u00edd\u00e0i<\/td>n.<\/td>golden age<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49<\/td>w\u00fazh\u00e8ngf\u01d4 zh\u01d4y\u00ec<\/td>n.<\/td>anarchism<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u8fa9\u8bba<\/td>bi\u00e0nl\u00f9n<\/td>n.<\/td>debate<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66<\/td>r\u00e9nw\u00e9n k\u0113xu\u00e9<\/td>n.<\/td>humanities<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66<\/td>z\u00ecr\u00e1n k\u0113xu\u00e9<\/td>n.<\/td>science<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u98de\u8dc3<\/td>f\u0113iyu\u00e8<\/td>n.\/v.<\/td>leap; rapid progress<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u5b98\u50da<\/td>gu\u0101nli\u00e1o<\/td>n.<\/td>bureaucrat<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u6280\u5e08<\/td>j\u00ecsh\u012b<\/td>n.<\/td>technician; technical expert<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u573a\u6240<\/td>ch\u01cengsu\u01d2<\/td>n.<\/td>place (of meeting or assembly)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u7834\u4ea7<\/td>p\u00f2ch\u01cen<\/td>v.<\/td>(of a plan) to fail; to go bankrupt<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u505c\u6ede<\/td>t\u00edngzh\u00ec<\/td>v.<\/td>to stagnate; to come to a standstill<\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e[1] 1898\u5e74\uff0c\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u6bd4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5f88\u77ed\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5374\u4e0d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u6b27\u7f8e\u5927\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b[2] \u4e2d\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u8ffd\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891[3] \uff0c\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c61\u5f81\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u5317\u5927\u7cbe\u795e[4] \u201d\u3002 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