{"id":12,"date":"2023-02-03T16:39:30","date_gmt":"2023-02-03T16:39:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/paper\/?page_id=12"},"modified":"2026-08-03T12:42:21","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T16:42:21","slug":"%e9%9b%be%e9%9c%be","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/thinkingonpaper\/%e9%9b%be%e9%9c%be\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 1 \u96fe\u973e (Smog)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Structure<\/a> Grammar<\/a> Cohesion<\/a> Mode<\/a><\/div> \u00a0Speaking Practice<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u201c\u96fe\u973e\u201d \u7684 \u201c\u973e\u201d \u5b57\u5f88\u96be\u5199\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u8fde\u5f88\u591a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u8ba4\u5f97\uff0c \u4e0d\u4f1a\u5199\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74 \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f55\u89c1 \u7684\u5b57\uff0c\u5374\u6210\u4e86\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u6765\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u987b\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6c49\u5b57\uff01<\/p>\n

\u96fe\u973e\u5c31\u662f<\/span>\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14 \u6c61\u67d3 \uff0c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u70b9\u50cf<\/span>\u96fe \uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u53c8\u4e0d\u662f\u96fe\u3002\u6709\u96fe\u973e\u7684\u65f6\u5019<\/span>\uff0c\u4e00\u592924\u5c0f\u65f6\u90fd\u662f\u7070\u8499\u8499 \u7684<\/span>\uff0c\u770b\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u8fdc\u5904 \u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u65f6\u5019<\/span>\uff0c\u8fde\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u9ad8\u697c \u90fd\u770b\u4e0d\u592a\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u636e\u8bf4\uff0c\u96fe\u973e\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u6709\u5bb3\uff0c\u5728\u96fe\u973e\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u73af\u5883\u91cc\u751f\u6d3b\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u6bd4\u4e00\u5929\u62bd \u4e24\u5305\u70df\u5bf9\u8eab\u4f53\u66f4\u4e0d\u597d\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4ece\u5916\u9762\u8dd1\u6b65\u56de\u6765\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u5589\u5499 \u5f88\u4e0d\u8212\u670d, \u54b3\u55fd \u54b3\u5f97\u5f88\u5389\u5bb3\u3002\u6211\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u670b\u53cb\u90fd\u529d \u6211\u6234 \u53e3\u7f69\uff0c \u4f46\u6211\u5012\u4e0d\u592a\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u516b\u4e5d\u5341\u5c81\u7684\u8001\u4eba\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u663e\u7136\uff0c \u96fe\u973e\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3 \u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u4e25\u91cd\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6234\u8fc7\u53e3\u7f69\u3002\u6234\u4e86\u53e3\u7f69\uff0c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n
\u96fe\u973e<\/td>w\u00f9m\u00e1i<\/td>n.<\/td>smog, haze<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u8ba4\u5f97<\/td>r\u00e8nd\u00e9<\/td>v.<\/td>to know; to recognize (negation\uff1a\u4e0d\u8ba4\u5f97)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74<\/td>j\u00ecn j\u01d0 ni\u00e1n<\/td>t.w.<\/td>in recent years<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u7f55\u89c1<\/td>h\u01cenji\u00e0n<\/td>adj.<\/td>seldom seen; rare<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u7a7a\u6c14<\/td>k\u014dngq\u00ec<\/td>n.<\/td>air<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u6c61\u67d3<\/td>w\u016br\u01cen<\/td>n.\/v.<\/td>pollution<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u96fe<\/td>w\u00f9<\/td>n.<\/td>fog<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u7070\u8499\u8499<\/td>hu\u012b m\u00e9ngm\u00e9ng<\/td>adj.<\/td>dusky; overcasting; (cannot be modified by degree adverbs, e.g. \u5f88, \u975e\u5e38, \u6709\u70b9\u513f)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u8fdc\u5904<\/td>yu\u01cench\u00f9<\/td>n.<\/td>a distant place<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u9ad8\u697c<\/td>g\u0101o l\u00f3u<\/td>n.<\/td>tall building; skyscraper<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u62bd\u70df<\/td>ch\u014duy\u0101n<\/td>v.-o.<\/td>to smoke (a cigarette or a pipe)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u5589\u5499<\/td>h\u00f3ulong<\/td>n.<\/td>throat<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u54b3\u55fd<\/td>k\u00e9s\u00f2u<\/td>v.<\/td>to cough<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u529d<\/td>qu\u00e0n<\/td>v.<\/td>to urge; try to persuade<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u6234<\/td>d\u00e0i<\/td>v.<\/td>to put on (eyewear, headgear, clothing accessories)<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u53e3\u7f69<\/td>k\u01d2uzh\u00e0o<\/td>n.<\/td>gauze mask<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u663e\u7136<\/td>xi\u01cenr\u00e1n<\/td>adv.<\/td>obviously; evidently<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
\u4f24\u5bb3<\/td>sh\u0101ngh\u00e0i<\/td>n.<\/td>harm<\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Speaking Practice \u201c\u96fe\u973e\u201d \u7684 \u201c\u973e\u201d \u5b57\u5f88\u96be\u5199\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u8fde\u5f88\u591a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u8ba4\u5f97\uff0c \u4e0d\u4f1a\u5199\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74 \uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f55\u89c1 \u7684\u5b57\uff0c\u5374\u6210\u4e86\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u6765\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc5\u987b\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u6c49\u5b57\uff01 \u96fe\u973e\u5c31\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14 \u6c61\u67d3 \uff0c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\u96fe \uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u53c8\u4e0d\u662f\u96fe\u3002\u6709\u96fe\u973e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u592924\u5c0f\u65f6\u90fd\u662f\u7070\u8499\u8499 \u7684\uff0c\u770b\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u8fdc\u5904 \u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fde\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u9ad8\u697c \u90fd\u770b\u4e0d\u592a\u6e05\u695a\u3002 \u636e\u8bf4\uff0c\u96fe\u973e\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u6709\u5bb3\uff0c\u5728\u96fe\u973e\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u73af\u5883\u91cc\u751f\u6d3b\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u6bd4\u4e00\u5929\u62bd \u4e24\u5305\u70df\u5bf9\u8eab\u4f53\u66f4\u4e0d\u597d\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4ece\u5916\u9762\u8dd1\u6b65\u56de\u6765\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u5589\u5499 \u5f88\u4e0d\u8212\u670d, \u54b3\u55fd \u54b3\u5f97\u5f88\u5389\u5bb3\u3002\u6211\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u670b\u53cb\u90fd\u529d \u6211\u6234 \u53e3\u7f69\uff0c \u4f46\u6211\u5012\u4e0d\u592a\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u516b\u4e5d\u5341\u5c81\u7684\u8001\u4eba\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u663e\u7136\uff0c \u96fe\u973e\u5bf9\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3 \u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u4e25\u91cd\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6234\u8fc7\u53e3\u7f69\u3002\u6234\u4e86\u53e3\u7f69\uff0c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\u3002  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-descriptive-"],"layer_data":{"structure":"

Structure<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\u96fe\u973e\u5c31\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c<\/td>\r\nTheme \u4e3b\u9898<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\u96fe\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u53c8\u4e0d\u662f\u96fe\u3002<\/td>\r\nDescribing the appearance of Smog \u96fe\u973e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\uff1f<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

\u6709\u96fe\u973e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u592924\u5c0f\u65f6\u90fd\u662f\u7070\u8499\u8499\u7684\uff0c\u770b\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u8fdc\u5904\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fde\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u9ad8\u697c\u90fd\u770b\u4e0d\u592a\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

Describing physical\u00a0characteristics of smog \u96fe\u973e\u7684\u7279\u70b9<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","grammar":"

Grammar<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\u96fe\u973e\u5c31\u662f<\/span>\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c<\/td>\r\nTheme \u4e3b\u9898<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u770b\u8d77\u6765<\/span>\u6709\u70b9\u50cf<\/span>\u96fe\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u53c8\u4e0d\u662f\u96fe\u3002<\/td>\r\nDescribing the appearance of Smog \u96fe\u973e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\uff1f<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u6709\u96fe\u973e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u592924\u5c0f\u65f6\u90fd\u662f\u7070\u8499\u8499\u7684<\/span>\uff0c\u770b\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u8fdc\u5904\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fde\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u9ad8\u697c\u90fd\u770b\u4e0d\u592a\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/td>\r\nDescribing physical\u00a0characteristics of smog \u96fe\u973e\u7684\u7279\u70b9<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nGrammar constructions used for this paragraph:\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. giving a definition--A \u5c31\u662f B: \u96fe\u973e\u5c31\u662f<\/u>\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\u3002<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. describing the appearance of the subject matter:\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. Subject\u770b\u8d77\u6765+ (\u6709\u70b9\u513f\uff0f\u5f88) \u50cf\uff0bnoun (phrase):<\/strong>\uff08\u96fe\u973e\uff09\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u70b9\u50cf<\/u>\u96fe\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u53c8\u4e0d\u662f\u96fe\u3002This pattern is often used to describe the appearance of the subject, or make a judgment based on an initial observation of it, which may or may be true (please note that \u201c\u50cf\u201d cannot be omitted in this structure).\r\n<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t
    2. Subject+\u7070\u8499\u8499\u7684\/\u7070\u8499\u8499\u7684 noun.<\/strong> dusky; overcasting; (note \u7070\u8499\u8499 cannot be modified by degree adverbs such as \u5f88, \u975e\u5e38, \u6709\u70b9\u513f).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","cohesion":"

      Cohesion<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
      \u96fe\u973e\u5c31\u662f<\/span>\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c<\/td>\r\nTheme \u4e3b\u9898<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u770b\u8d77\u6765<\/span>\u6709\u70b9\u50cf<\/span>\u96fe\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u53c8\u4e0d\u662f\u96fe\u3002<\/td>\r\nDescribing the appearance of Smog \u96fe\u973e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\uff1f<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
      \u6709\u96fe\u973e\u7684\u65f6\u5019<\/u><\/span>\uff0c\u4e00\u592924\u5c0f\u65f6\u90fd\u662f\u7070\u8499\u8499\u7684<\/span>\uff0c\u770b\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u8fdc\u5904\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u65f6\u5019<\/u><\/span>\uff0c\u8fde\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u9ad8\u697c\u90fd\u770b\u4e0d\u592a\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/td>\r\nDescribing physical\u00a0characteristics of smog \u96fe\u973e\u7684\u7279\u70b9<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nTo show physical characteristics of smog, the writer describes two scenarios following a genera-to-specific order:\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. \u6709\u96fe\u973e\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u592924\u5c0f\u65f6\u90fd\u662f\u7070\u8499\u8499\u7684\uff0c\u770b\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u8fdc\u5904\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002When shrouded in smog, (it) looks dusky all day long and (you) can\u2019t see clearly things far away.<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. \u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8fde\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u9ad8\u697c\u90fd\u770b\u4e0d\u592a\u6e05\u695a\u3002At the worst times, (you can\u2019t) even see the high-rise buildings on campus clearly.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThe use of the same grammatical structure \u201c\u2026\u2026\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u201d (when\u2026) further increases cohesion.","mode":"

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