{"id":91,"date":"2020-04-02T16:07:14","date_gmt":"2020-04-02T20:07:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/?page_id=91"},"modified":"2020-05-30T00:28:33","modified_gmt":"2020-05-30T04:28:33","slug":"kaelani-b","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/kaelani-b\/","title":{"rendered":"What Patagonia Sin Represas Has Taught Us: An Analysis of Chile&#8217;s Most Infamous Environmental Movement &#8211; Kaelani Burja"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_toggle title=&#8221;What is Patagonia Sin Represas?&#8221;]A grassroots organization that pushed back against the Chilean government&#8217;s proposed HidroAys\u00e9n Dam Project from 2007-2014.[\/vc_toggle][vc_toggle title=&#8221;What is HidroAys\u00e9n?&#8221;]<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The HidroAys\u00e9n Dam Project was proposed when the Chilean government decided that (for the sakes of its affluent populations, and to further develop as a nation) it must double its energy capacity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><em>History of the Project<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The project was created by Endesa in the 1950s, and in the 1970s, (with help from The Japan International Cooperation Agency) collected data to design the original project.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The project proposed to build five hydroelectric dams over the course of ten years in the Ays\u00e9n province, with the dams going from Cochrane to Santiago, and through the Pascua and Baker rivers.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>\u00a0In 2006, Endesa and the Chilean utility, Colb\u00fan, proposed \u201cHidroAys\u00e9n.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>The most recent HidroAys\u00e9n project proposed will cost $7 billion \u201cand many people believe that this project symbolizes just the beginning of Endesa\u2019s plans for Patagonia\u2019s countless rivers.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_toggle][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Environmental Impacts of HidroAys\u00e9n&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:16|text_align:left&#8221; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Basic%3Aregular|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&#8221;][vc_images_carousel images=&#8221;1008,1010,1031,1096,1097,1098,1099,1100,1103&#8243; img_size=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text]#1) Forestry<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The transmission line would create the world\u2019s largest forestal clear cut, cutting through <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.internationalrivers.org\/resources\/chile-approves-hidroaysen-dam-project-in-wild-patagonia-despite-major-opposition-1648\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">5,720 hectares<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Photo: Outdoor Photographer<\/p>\n<p>#2) Greenhouse Gases<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kristen Burrall\u2019s unpublished <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">MIT<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> thesis, \u201cAnalysis of Proposed Hydroelectric Dams on the R\u00edo Baker in Chilean Patagonia,\u201d calculates that the transmission line would also contribute to 70% of the project\u2019s greenhouse gas emissions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Photo: NRDC<\/p>\n<p>#3) Flooding<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dams may cause severe floods (leading to property and livestock loss) when water behind dams reach capacity, resulting in downstream flooding.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Photo: Chron<\/p>\n<p>#4) Water Quality<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Trapping river borne nutrients in the dams can lead to the growth of toxins, deteriorating coastal water quality, which would prove harmful to flora and fauna.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Photo: American Rivers<\/p>\n<p>#5) Impact Seismically Active Regions<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dams will negatively impact seismically active <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.internationalrivers.org\/campaigns\/patagonia-sin-represas\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">regions.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Excessive water pressures in large reservoirs can trigger earthquakes.<\/p>\n<p>Photo: InTechOpen<\/p>\n<p>#6) Glacial Impact<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dams will increase glacial disaster risk, and these disasters would lead to livestock deaths and property damage.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Photo: Columbia<\/p>\n<p>#7) Extinction<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Large dams are one of the leading causes of extinction in aquatic ecosystems, because they lead to habitat degradation and less variation in water flow, which fish rely upon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Photo: Nation Thailand<\/p>\n<p>#8) Sustainability<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The project also undermines principles of sustainable development. Dams are detriments to biodiversity, which is key to sustainability.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> According to civil engineer and University of Chile associate professor, Roberto Roman Latorre, solar and wind energy systems are sustainable- dams are not.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The necessity of the HidroAys\u00e9n purely does not make sense, when people are already investing in other forms of clean energy (such as solar and wind) that prove energy-efficient and sustainable.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> This especially holds true because Chile is home to the Atacama Desert, (one of the world&#8217;s best solar energy sources) which already has existing power lines and, according to experts, would provide as much energy as HidroAys\u00e9n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Photo: AZOCleanTech<\/p>\n<p>#9) Photo: Geocaching[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;3\/4&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;\u201c\u2018HidroAysen didn&#8217;t even consult with us; they showed up and gave us a relocation plan, as if they could kick us off our land before a decision was even made.\u2019&#8220;<br \/>\n&#8211; 39-year-old wife and mother, Elizabeth Schindele, who lives near one of the proposed dam sites.&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h1|font_size:24|text_align:left|color:%23878787&#8243; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Tangerine%3Aregular%2C700|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal&#8221;][vc_message]Audio Recordings with Additional Information[\/vc_message][vc_tta_tour][vc_tta_section title=&#8221;Chilean Water Code&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1589320530558-463f286e-ebd8&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-91-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/161\/2020\/05\/New-Recording-50.m4a?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/161\/2020\/05\/New-Recording-50.m4a\">https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/161\/2020\/05\/New-Recording-50.m4a<\/a><\/audio>\n<p><strong>Transcribed:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 1980, the Chilean Constitution declared that &#8220;[t]he rights of private citizens over waters, recognized or constituted in conformity with the law, shall grant proprietorship to the owners thereof.&#8221; This demonstrated that the Pinochet dictatorship intended to \u201cinsert free-market ideals into the realm of water rights.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One year later, the 1981 Water Code was passed, and since then, the Chilean government has exercised little control over water disputes.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. This code \u201ctransformed water into a private commodity, and invented a new type of water right to take advantage of the country&#8217;s potential hydroelectric resources.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> However, the code says very little about water coordination or conflict resolution.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Originally, the Chilean state owned and distributed water, but following the Pinochet dictatorship, water rights were passed on to investors, and in 1997, a Spanish company bought the water company Endesa Chile, which became Endesa Spain, and has owned 80% of Chile\u2019s nonconsumptive water rights. Endesa Spain was purchased by Enel (an Italian company), and has become one of the world\u2019s largest energy suppliers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The neoliberal logic present in 1981\u2019s Water Code has led to water conflicts becoming a symbol of struggle. An example being the case of Alto Maipo in 2008. The Alto Maipo proposition was to construct a large hydropower project in the mountains above Santiago. The success of the Patagonia Sin Represas movement inspired resistance and social movements in Alto Maipo.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">What\u2019s interesting is that the actors involved in\u00a0 both Alto Maipo, and Patagonia Sin Represas, are primarily people who are not legally considered \u201cwater users\u201d and have \u201cthus traditionally been excluded from the realm of water governance.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=&#8221;Neoliberalism&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1589320530586-67086b13-736e&#8221;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-91-2\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/161\/2020\/05\/New-Recording-51.m4a?_=2\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/161\/2020\/05\/New-Recording-51.m4a\">https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/161\/2020\/05\/New-Recording-51.m4a<\/a><\/audio>\n<p><strong>Transcribed:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is pertinent to consider the impacts that neoliberalism had on Chile during the period of HidroAys\u00e9n. Neoliberalism emerged in Chile when Augosto Pinochet rose to power in 1973, implemented it, and practically proclaimed that everything in Chile, including natural resources, was for sale. Neoliberalism serves as an extreme form of capitalism, in which the government believes that everything should be market driven. Neoliberal practices facilitated the privatization of water, as the sale of a natural resource such as water, is normally kept under state control. These sales led to northern companies buying up these southern resources.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chile has served as a laboratory for extreme neoliberal reform, and despite the ending of the Pinochet dictatorship, it remains institutionalized.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chile is perceived by scholars to be one of the world\u2019s most neoliberal nations, and according to many activists, \u201cthe circumstances surrounding the approval of the HidroAysen project in 2011 demonstrated the gap between the rhetoric of environmental policy and the neoliberal economic model.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Patagonia Sin Represas serves as a not only a push back against HidroAys\u00e9n, but against Chile\u2019s neoliberal state, as Ays\u00e9n itself had long been neglected by the government in terms of infrastructure and resources.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although it has facilitated economic growth, the environmental impacts that neoliberalism has had are far more profound. Neoliberal conservation encompasses the world of ecophilanthropy, which has led to exploitation, as public accountability has led to the privatizations of many Patagonian landscapes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_tour][vc_column_text]Patagonia Sin Represas is an organization that facilitated a major movement- the opposition of the proposed HidroAys\u00e9n Dam Project. (Read more on the left.)<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The project, made possible in part by the passage of the 1981 Water Code (additional information can be found under the &#8220;Water Code&#8221; tab), poses numerous environmental risks (outlined on the left), and politically, the environmental implications go against Chilean founding principles as its Constitution, \u201cguarantees its citizens the right to live in an environment free from contamination and creates an affirmative obligation on the government of Chile to serve the environment.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Chilean government was willing to infringe upon these rights because it believed that more electricity needed to be generated.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Patagonians questioned this belief, and knew that any benefits from the project would only aid the Northern Chile, as Chile has historically extracted natural resources from the south to allocate amongst northerners.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ays\u00e9n communities would not receive energy from the dams at all, nor would their electricity rates be lowered.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The project would impact 64 communities, with many families being <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sinrepresas.com\/struggle.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">displaced<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Social displacement would prove especially disheartening to the indigenous <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/culture\/2018\/07\/sacred-san-pedro-river-dam-mapuche-chile\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mapuche<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> population (depicted below), that had fought fiercely for their land for centuries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1064 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/161\/2020\/05\/1200px-Mapuche_Machis-2-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"411\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/161\/2020\/05\/1200px-Mapuche_Machis-2-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/161\/2020\/05\/1200px-Mapuche_Machis-2-1024x730.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/161\/2020\/05\/1200px-Mapuche_Machis-2-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/161\/2020\/05\/1200px-Mapuche_Machis-2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\" \/>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Photo: Culture Trip<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It would also be impossible to relocate entire communities of people, as there are no comparable ranch lands. As quoted at the top of the page, insufficient relocation plans were forced upon the residents of Ays\u00e9n. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, the industrialization in Ays\u00e9n that would need to occur to accommodate the dam workers would not only double the region\u2019s population, but also greatly disrupt traditional ways of life.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;2011 EIA&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:20|text_align:left&#8221; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Basic%3Aregular|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&#8221;][vc_column_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To combat opposition, HidroAys\u00e9n attempted to save its image by recruiting scientists who would extol the necessity of the project&#8217;s completion. These scientists were enlisted to help begin HidroAys\u00e9n&#8217;s 2011 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/impact\/whatis.shtml\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EIA<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0process that proved suspicious for reasons of:\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">conflicts of interest, lack of certainty that the scientists hired were actually experts on the topics they wrote about, incongruities in data analysis, and a blurring of information. This led to\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Congressperson Gabriel Silber alerting the press that, \u201c\u2018There have been many administrative irregularities and possibly wrongdoings during this [EIA] process. We think all kinds of pressure have been applied to break environmental institutions to approve the project&#8230;.They have tried to do environmental fast track, tampering with reports and ignoring technical opinion.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Outside scientists also complained that, \u201cthere [was] no real science behind the approval of HidroAys\u00e9n.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;The Protests&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|font_size:20|text_align:left&#8221; google_fonts=&#8221;font_family:Basic%3Aregular|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal&#8221;][vc_column_text]<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is pertinent to consider the impacts that neoliberalism had on Chile during the period of HidroAys\u00e9n. (Historical context, and additional information included under the &#8220;Neoliberalism&#8221; tab.) Neoliberal practices led to environmental conservation in the region that was largely initiated by private efforts (eco philanthropy).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One such instance lies in Ays\u00e9n itself, where \u201cthe conservation of the Chacabuco Valley [Valle Chacabuco] through philanthrocapitalism not only supports Chile&#8217;s neoliberal project but ensures its dynamic reproduction.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> This area would be most directly affected by the proposed dams, and is where HidroAys\u00e9n\u2019s offices are located. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The wider issue of the construction of the dams lies in the fact that they implicate \u201cthe effects of neoliberal economic policies which not only privilege particular strategies of industrial development but also shape the ways in which &#8216;sustainability&#8217; and &#8216;conservation&#8217; are promoted and contested.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0These developments are partially why Patagonia Sin Represas was not solely a social movement pushing back against HidroAys\u00e9n, but against Chilean neoliberal order.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These movements began in the 1990s, when the Ays\u00e9n Life Reserve (which presently serves as the backbone of Patagonia Sin Represas) was formed to fight for sustainable development.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Since then, Patagonia Sin Represas has taken off, and the movement ensured that there was rural opposition to the Chilean State&#8217;s neoliberal agenda to pass HidroAys\u00e9n. These oppositions came in waves of campaigns, councils, protests, and marches.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the first protests started with a single gaucho from Cochrane, who heard about HidroAys\u00e9n\u2019s plans, and decided to go to the capital to demand that the government stop the construction. As he passed each ranch on horseback, word spread, and within two days, hundreds of riders had joined him. These beginning marches led to a ripple effect of people vocalizing their concerns regarding HidroAys\u00e9n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In response to HidroAys\u00e9n\u2019s EIA, activists launched a campaign imploring state officials to \u201cvote with their conscience,\u201d and targeted the eleven officials who sit on the committee that votes on EIA projects.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Also in response to the EIA, the Consejo de Defensa de la Patagonia Chilena<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (consisting of local ranchers, priests, lawyers, and nongovernmental organizations, as well as international organizations and celebrities such as: International Rivers, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. (Natural Resource Defense Council), Yvon Chounard<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and Douglas and Kris Tompkins<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) emerged.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> These efforts, combined with comments by Patricio Rodrigo, director of Patagonia Sin Represas, made on national television, were successful in leading to the advocacy of the EIA process becoming more technical.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In early 2012, a region-wide protest lasting several weeks was held. Leaders of the Ays\u00e9n Social Movement demanded representatives from the Chilean State travel to Aysen to negotiate, and managed to obtain signatures on agreements for inter-regional dialogue. Since the Chilean government offers no authority over water disputes, the residents made sure that change occured on their own accord.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Also in 2012, Ays\u00e9n experienced a social movement that cut the region off from the country for three weeks and led Colb\u00fan, to withdraw its financial backing from HidroAys\u00e9n, leading to new EIA reform efforts.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Patagonia Sin Represas eventually led to the largest demonstration since the late 1980\u2019s demonstrations to end Pinochet\u2019s dictatorship. Other protests include: the January 2011 protest to President Pi\u00f1era at the Museum of Light, crowds gathering outside the EIA Agency\u2019s Ays\u00e9n Office, and 40,000 people marching in Santiago.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These efforts have inspired other social movements, such as the Alto Maipo movement (mentioned under the &#8220;Neoliberalism&#8221; tab.) Although the Alto Maipo conflict remains unresolved, the Council of Ministers revoked HidroAys\u00e9n\u2019s permit in June of 2014, and by 2017 it became clear that the project would not go through.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The successes of Sin Represas social movements also had other lasting impacts, and\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cacross Latin America, social movements are contesting the social and environmental consequences of the neoliberal restructuring.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Patagonia Sin Represas also sparked an environmental coalition in Argentina, and t<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">he HidroAys\u00e9n case has served to illustrate &#8220;how efforts to deny the role politics plays in such decisions can weaken the legitimacy of EIAs.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most recently, the HidroAys\u00e9n project has influenced Chile&#8217;s <\/span>2013 <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">presidential election campaign, with candidates forced to answer pointed questions regarding their support or opposition for the project.\u00a0<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_media_grid grid_id=&#8221;vc_gid:1590812804616-768e398e-f36e-6&#8243; include=&#8221;1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1130&#8243;][vc_column_text]Photo 1: International Rivers; Photo 2: International Rivers; Photo 3: Tompkins Conservation; Photo 4: Patagonia; Photo 5: Global Voices; Photo 6: Conservacion Patagonica[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator][vc_cta h2=&#8221;Testimonies&#8221;][\/vc_cta][vc_hoverbox image=&#8221;1113&#8243; primary_title=&#8221;&#8221; hover_title=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThere are people in Santiago, or other cities\u2026 they don\u2019t have the love for Patagonia. We have the love for Patagonia. It is really easy for Chile to have no other love for this land\u2026 but in reality we grew up here, and live here. A lot of times Patagonia is a place that they can sell\u2026 or give as a gift, as they have already done.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Patagonian gaucho who working as a park ranger.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">*translated from Spanish; Photo:\u00a0<em>180 Degrees South<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/vc_hoverbox][vc_hoverbox image=&#8221;1051&#8243; primary_title=&#8221;&#8221; hover_title=&#8221;&#8221; el_width=&#8221;50&#8243;]<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;The countryside is divided. People that are against it look down on people who are in favor.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">\u00a0Enrique Romero (farmer from Cochrane)<\/p>\n<p>*translated from Spanish; Photo:\u00a0<em>Patagonia Rising<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/vc_hoverbox][vc_hoverbox image=&#8221;1111&#8243; primary_title=&#8221;&#8221; hover_title=&#8221;&#8221; el_width=&#8221;50&#8243;]<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c[Chileans] don\u2019t talk about it because it is known as an issue that will [only] cause damage in Patagonia.&#8221;<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Santiago Resident<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">*translated from Spanish; Photo:\u00a0<em>Patagonia Rising<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_hoverbox][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<strong>Further Readings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c180\u00b0 South.\u201d IMDb. IMDb.com, January 22, 2011. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt1407927\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt1407927\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aronofsky, Pearson, Royer, David, Marcus, Emily. \u201cChile&#8217;s Environmental Laws and the HidroAysen Northern Patagonia Dams Megaproject: How Is This Project Sustainable Development?\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Denver Journal of International Law and Policy<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">41, no. 4 (2013).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Barandiar\u00e1n Javiera. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Science and Environment in Chile: the Politics of Expert Advice in a Neoliberal Democracy<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2018.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Borgias and Braun, Sophia and Yvonne L. and A. \u201cHttp:\/\/Ljournal.ru\/Wp-Content\/Uploads\/2017\/03\/a-2017-023.Pdf,\u201d 2017. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18411\/a-2017-023\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18411\/a-2017-023<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brady, Heather. \u201cNative Community Fights to Defend Their Sacred River From Dam.\u201d Mapuche Tribe Fights to Defend Sacred San Pedro River From Dam, July 27, 2018. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/culture\/2018\/07\/sacred-san-pedro-river-dam-mapuche-chile\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/culture\/2018\/07\/sacred-san-pedro-river-dam-mapuche-chile\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conservacion Patagonica News. Accessed April 27, 2020. http:\/\/www.conservacionpatagonica.org\/blog\/.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Edward, Ryan. Lecture. Aprill, 22, 2020.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jones, Charmaine. \u201cEcophilanthropy, Neoliberal Conservation, and the &#8230;\u201d Accessed April 27, 2020. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/42704990.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Marcos Mendoza, \u201cThe Patagonian Imaginary: Natural Resources and Global Capitalism at the Far End of the World,\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Journal of Latin American Geography <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">16, no. 2 (2017)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louder, Bosak, Elena, Keith. \u201cWhat the Gringos Brought: Local Perspectives on a Private &#8230;\u201d Accessed April 27, 2020. http:\/\/www.conservationandsociety.org\/article.asp?issn=0972-4923;year=2019;volume=17;issue=2;spage=161;epage=172;aulast=Louder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Murphy, Annie. \u201cChile&#8217;s HidroAysen Dam Project Provokes Mounting Anger.\u201d BBC News. BBC, May 21, 2011. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-latin-america-13445300.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cPatagonia Rising.\u201d IMDb. IMDb.com, June 8, 2012. https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt1820592\/.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cPatagonia Sin Represas.\u201d International Rivers. Accessed April 14, 2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.internationalrivers.org\/campaigns\/patagonia-sin-represas\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.internationalrivers.org\/campaigns\/patagonia-sin-represas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a1SIN REPRESAS! Accessed April 14, 2020. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sinrepresas.com\/struggle.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/www.sinrepresas.com\/struggle.htm<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Acknowledgments<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I would like to thank Amie Campos for taking the time to speak with me, and for offering additional readings.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/4&#8243;][vc_toggle title=&#8221;What is Patagonia Sin Represas?&#8221;]A grassroots organization that pushed back against the Chilean [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-91","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/91","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=91"}],"version-history":[{"count":80,"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/91\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1182,"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/91\/revisions\/1182"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/patagonia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}