{"id":417,"date":"2019-08-28T20:32:25","date_gmt":"2019-08-29T00:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/globalreporting2019\/?p=417"},"modified":"2021-03-28T20:12:20","modified_gmt":"2021-03-29T00:12:20","slug":"the-end-of-anarchists","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/globalreporting2019\/the-end-of-anarchists\/","title":{"rendered":"An Uncertain Future for the Anarchists of Exarchia"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Anna Wolcke<\/em><\/p>\n

ATHENS<\/strong> \u2013 On a summer day, tourists and locals alike can be found in Kolonaki, one of Athens\u2019 most affluent neighborhoods, sipping on cappuccinos, chatting with friends or leisurely walking alongside the most expensive stores in the city. Few ever leave to go to Exarchia, a neighborhood a mere five-minute walk away.<\/p>\n

Although Kolonaki and Exarchia border each other, they are worlds apart. Kolonaki offers clean alleyways and expensive coffee shops, and houses Athens\u2019 only Gucci store. In Exarchia, graffiti cover buildings, streets and any other available surface. Posters on lampposts urge passers-by not to vote in the next election. Squatters have a smoke in front of their illegally occupied homes.<\/p>\n

For the last four decades, Exarchia has been controlled by anarchists. Some travel agencies warn tourists of entering the neighborhood. Police refrain from getting too close.<\/p>\n

At the same time, Exarchia is a hub for young people interested in street art, alternative bars and counter-culture vibes. Anarchists explore Communist bookshops, enjoy a cold beer at anarchist-run rooftop bars and discuss politics in the streets.<\/p>\n

But in a few months, Exarchia as it stands might not exist.<\/p>\n

The fate of the anarchists who call the neighborhood their home? Unknown.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

New Democracy\u2019s Plans to Clean Up Exarchia<\/strong><\/p>\n

New Democracy, the center-right political party that won the Greek legislative elections in July, has declared war on the anarchists and Exarchia.<\/p>\n

New Prime Minister\u00a0Kyriakos Mitsotakis<\/strong>\u00a0has\u00a0long<\/a> been critical of the anarchists and their presence in Exarchia, promising<\/a>\u00a0to restore \u201claw and order\u201d to the neighborhood that he says is ruled by\u00a0lawlessness<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cI will clean Exarchia,\u201d Mitsotakis said<\/a>\u00a0in a 2017 speech.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf they give us a mandate, we will not only clean them up, nor will a mosquito stay in Exarchia,\u201d\u00a0said<\/a>\u00a0Stavros Balaskas<\/strong>\u00a0of the Union of Police Officers in an interview with a Greek TV channel shortly after the elections.<\/p>\n

Asked about what fate exactly will await the anarchists, a spokesperson for New Democracy declined to comment, instead referring to Mitsotakis\u2019 speeches.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Worst Kind\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Athenians have been increasingly frustrated with the anarchist movement in Exarchia.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m not sure who exactly the anarchists are anymore and whether they are pure in their intentions,\u201d said\u00a0Liana Theodoratou<\/strong>, who grew up in Exarchia and now serves as the director for New York University\u2019s summer program in Athens.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey are the worst kind,\u201d said\u00a0Viktoria Karatza<\/strong>, who studies architecture at National Technical University of Athens, in Exarchia. \u201cMany times they start \u2018fights\u2019 with the cops in the area. They come inside the university, break the marbles [paving stones] and throw them to the cops. They destroy our buildings.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The architecture compounds of Polytech Athens University in Exarchia are covered in graffiti, disturbing some of its students. During a recent afternoon visit, a young man holding a stick in his hands was yelling at two adolescents sitting in the courtyard. (Photo: Anna Wolcke)<\/em><\/p>\n

Some anarchists themselves are frustrated with the movement.<\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m just really disappointed in the movement as a whole,\u201d said 22-year old psychology student\u00a0Antonis<\/strong>, who identifies himself as an anarcho-communist with no affiliation with a specific anarchist group.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s no direction\u201d in the movement, he thinks. Antonis did not want to share his last name, afraid that \u201cthe wrong people\u201d will be after him if they found out that he had talked to a journalist.<\/p>\n

\u201cA lot of people think it\u2019s treason to talk to journalists,\u201d explained\u00a0Jason<\/strong>, who said he was part of two influential anarchist groups for more than a decade. He, too, asked for his last name to remain anonymous.<\/p>\n

Who Are The Anarchists?<\/strong><\/p>\n

But it is precisely due to the anarchists\u2019 secrecy that local Athenians feel alienated from the movement. Outsiders are rarely allowed a glimpse inside the loosely organized network that makes up the movement.<\/p>\n

Othon Alexandrakis<\/strong>, an anthropologist who wrote an ethnography about anarchists, explained that getting to know anarchists in Athens involved a long process of introducing and proving himself. You have to \u201cwait until they discuss you and decide whether you\u2019re worthy of staying,\u201d Alexandrakis said. He spoke with higher-level anarchists only after being in the anarchist scene for five years.<\/p>\n

So who are the anarchists?<\/p>\n

Interviews and research suggest that some anarchists are part of terrorist groups, but most are not. Some spray graffiti on public buildings, some throw Molotov cocktails at the police, some march the streets wearing masks and holding baseball bats, and some do not. Some house refugees in illegal squats. Some steal and burn\u00a0ballot boxes<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 others do not.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s dangerous to lump them all together,\u201d said Jason.<\/p>\n

In general, an anarchist is \u201csomebody who does not want to be governed by a constitutionally determined political system,\u201d explained\u00a0Sophia Papaioannou<\/strong>, professor of Latin literature at the University of Athens. \u201cThey don\u2019t want to be told what to do, they don\u2019t want to pay taxes, they don\u2019t want to be controlled and all that.\u201d<\/p>\n

As a professor in the School of Philosophy, Papaioannou has first-hand experience of an anarchist attack. Since November, an administrative office of the university has been taken over by the anarchist group Rubicon (Rouvikonas in Greek) and turned into a small anarchist headquarter in which the group hosts so-called \u201coffice hours\u201d for students. Professors who tried to enter the office were violently kicked out.<\/p>\n

The goal of the anarchist movement: \u201cTo make it increasingly more challenging for the state to advance their agendas,\u201d said former Exarchia resident Theodoratou. To \u201ccreate a society that revolves around the human needs and environment needs and animal needs and social needs instead of capitalism,\u201d said anarcho-communist Antonis.<\/p>\n

Escalating Violence<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Athenian anarchist movement of today first gained strength in 1973, when it joined the anti-dictatorship student protests at the National Technical University of Athens in Exarchia, or Polytech Athens, as it is more widely known. 40 protesters died on university grounds after the military entered with a tank.<\/p>\n

Following the fall of the dictatorship, the Greek Parliament passed Law 1268\/82, better known as the\u00a0University Asylum Law<\/a>. The law bans police from entering universities except for vaguely defined life-threatening situations. Ever since, Polytech Athens \u2013 at the heart of Exarchia and of the protests \u2013 became a refuge for the dissident.<\/p>\n

And Exarchia became home to many anarchists.<\/p>\n

At first, many locals appreciated the change that the anarchists brought about in Exarchia. \u201cThey\u2019ve shaped and maintained the anti-authority character and feel of the neighborhood over the years, which in turn has attracted a lot of artists, socially-forward organizations of various kinds and others who regard the area as \u2018cool\u2019,\u201d said anthropologist Alexandrakis.<\/p>\n

In fact, the anarchist movement was quite popular. After the dictatorship, the movement managed to raise \u201cissues which the traditional left parties were more or less ignoring,\u201d said former anarchist Jason. Among them: \u201cQueer politics, active solidarity to immigrants, protest against police violence, street anti-fascism, etc.\u201d<\/p>\n

But what started out as a counter-cultural movement soon became more radicalized in 2008, after the death of 15-year old\u00a0Alexis Grigoropoulos<\/strong> \u2013 who was shot and killed by police in Exarchia \u2013 led to\u00a0riots<\/a>\u00a0that unsettled Athens for\u00a0weeks<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Graffiti and information boards in Exarchia remind of 15-year old Alexis Grigoropoulos who was shot and killed by police. (Photo: Anna Wolcke)<\/em><\/p>\n

The 2008 riots were a turning point after which anarchists realized their political power and \u201cstarted forming violent groups,\u201d as former anarchist Jason explained. The riots, together with the outrage caused by the financial crisis two years later, led to what he calls as a \u201ccult of violence\u201d among the anarchist community.<\/p>\n

\u201cOutlaw mentality became part of their DNA,\u201d said professor Papaioannou.<\/p>\n

What followed was a\u00a0string<\/a>\u00a0of terrorist\u00a0attacks<\/a>\u00a0committed by anarchists.<\/p>\n

Within the last year alone, there have been multiple attacks. In December 2018, a\u00a0bombing<\/a>\u00a0by anarchists at an Orthodox Church in Athens left two people injured. In March, anarchists\u00a0assumed<\/a>\u00a0responsibility for a grenade attack at the Russian consulate. In May, the anarchist group\u00a0Rubicon<\/a>\u00a0threw red paint and set off two smoke bombs at the Parliament in support of the incarcerated terrorist\u00a0Dimitris Koufontinas<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n

While few attacks lead to serious injuries, \u201cyou cannot in any way separate anarchists from violence anymore,\u201d said former anarchist Jason. Anarchists were part of a 2011 riot in which protesters\u00a0attacked<\/a>\u00a0a bank with petrol bombs. The attack killed three people, among them a pregnant woman.<\/p>\n

No one was ever charged with the deaths. But Jason said he wished that the anarchist community had stopped and reflected on what happened that day. There was an \u201cirresponsibility toward the result of the violence that was escalating and escalating\u201d Jason said.<\/p>\n

Ultimately, Jason could not take it anymore. He left the movement in 2011.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think it was an accident,\u201d said\u00a0Victor<\/strong>, who is a leading member of Rubicon, about the deaths. Rubicon \u2013 currently the biggest anarchist group with 80-100 members, formed in 2013 \u2013 is known for\u00a0vandalism<\/a>,\u00a0raids<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0invading<\/a>\u00a0the Defence Ministry. Victor refused to share his last name, asking, \u201cdo you want me to go to prison?\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

VOX, headquarters of the anarchist group Rubicon. The building overlooks the main square in Exarchia. (Photo: Anna Wolcke)<\/em><\/p>\n

Victor defended Rubicon\u2019s use of violence, contending that the Greek government is violent by not providing well for its citizens. \u201cIf you don\u2019t have enough to eat, that is violence (\u2026), not the rocks or Molotovs.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cWe don\u2019t like illegal things, this is not the point, we don\u2019t like murder, we don\u2019t like rape, we\u2019re against that, period. But when a system becomes oppressive, I believe there\u2019s no problem with doing illegal action,\u201d said Antonis.<\/p>\n

Ultimately, Victor believes that anarchy is \u201can ideology of love, not violence.\u201d But \u201cviolence is a necessary evil.\u201d<\/p>\n

Jason emphasized that, while violence became a framework of discussions among anarchist groups, the extent to which members were willing to use violence varied.<\/p>\n

And most anarchists are not part of a terrorist group. \u201cI\u2019m an anarchist but I\u2019ve never thrown a Molotov cocktail,\u201d stressed Antonis.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, many locals avoid Exarchia. Today, the neighborhood is under full control of anarchists. Police enter the neighborhood only for emergency situations.<\/p>\n

And when they do, they wear full riot gear.<\/p>\n

Anti-What, Exactly?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The violent attacks have turned many locals against the anarchist movement.<\/p>\n

In an\u00a0open letter<\/a>, Exarchia residents complained that lawlessness was ruling their neighborhood, with perpetrators invading homes, burning cars, and vandalizing public property.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey believe that we\u2019re just thugs,\u201d Antonis said about the relationship between locals and anarchists.<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t know what is the main goal, I really don\u2019t know actually,\u201d said\u00a0Marques<\/strong>\u00a0about the movement. Marques, a native Portuguese, has lived in Athens for more than three years. \u201cMost of the times I feel that it\u2019s just empty gestures.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThey use language that is very politically loaded, but they don\u2019t have really anything to say,\u201d said Papaioannou, who has had many discussions with students who identify as anarchists. \u201cIf you are an anarchist, you react\u00a0against<\/em>\u00a0something else, you don\u2019t act to achieve something\u00a0for\u00a0<\/em>the members of your party.\u201d<\/p>\n

Exarchia Square is one of many sore spots in recent anarchist history.<\/p>\n

Since anarchists drove out the police from Exarchia, the neighborhood\u2019s main square has become a popular spot for drug dealing by members of the Albanian mafia. Because the police do not go near the square anymore, anarchists seem to have taken on the role of law enforcement, violently driving<\/a>\u00a0out<\/a>\u00a0drug dealers.<\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t think Exarchia is the place to have free drug dealers,\u201d said Rubicon-member Victor. Rubicon has an illegal squat named VOX by the main square that has been under the group\u2019s control since 2012.<\/p>\n

Recent incidents have further sparked public outcry among Athenian locals. Below, an in-depth look at three of them.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u00a0Weekly<\/em>\u00a0Riots and Vandalism<\/em>\u00a0\u2014<\/p>\n

In the last two months alone, anarchist groups have made headlines multiple times. On the Thursday before elections, Rubicon\u00a0attacked<\/a>\u00a0the offices of the media company Athens Voice for publishing a comment about the death of a nurse that the group deemed sexist and racist. The same group\u00a0staged<\/a>\u00a0a protest at the hospital at which the nurse had worked before her death.<\/p>\n

A week before the raid on the media company, anarchists\u00a0attacked<\/a> riot police with Molotov cocktails in Exarchia.<\/p>\n

In fact, clashes with the police have become an almost weekly occurrence in Exarchia. While Antonis condones some types of violent action \u2013 he fights supporters of Golden Dawn, Greece\u2019s ultra-nationalist far-right party, with plastic sticks at rallies \u2013 he criticized the weekly clashes.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

(Photo:\u00a0Courtesy of Antonis)<\/i><\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s no point, we are feeding the spectacle,\u201d he said, explaining that the clashes only add to anti-anarchist sentiment among the locals. \u201cIt\u2019s not effective because you break one glass, so what?\u201d<\/p>\n

Marques, who lives close to Exarchia, is skeptical about the outcome of the clashes. \u201cI throw Molotovs on Saturday, thus I\u2019m an anarchist. But what does it make? What are the changes that it makes?\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2014\u00a0Misguided Solidarity<\/em>\u00a0\u2014<\/p>\n

With the refugee crisis that began in 2015, some anarchists have taken it upon themselves to house migrants in illegal squats in Exarchia. Unlike refugee camps, the squats are meant \u201cto create communities with the immigrants, not just store them there,\u201d explained Antonis. \u201cIt\u2019s illegal but it\u2019s humane.\u201d<\/p>\n

Others are less optimistic about the squats. Karatza, an architecture student at Polytech Athens in Exarchia shared her frustration with anarchists who establish the squats. \u201cA lot of times they take over our building. One time they put in refugees in a building for classes. The refugees lived in very bad and dirty condition about four or five months and we haven\u2019t enough classrooms for lessons.\u201d<\/p>\n

Marques was concerned about how anarchist protests affect the refugee community. \u201cThe smell of tear gas might trigger all of those traumas that they fled,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

\u2014\u00a0Ballot Box Theft<\/em>\u00a0\u2014<\/strong><\/p>\n

On July 7, shortly before balloting for the Greek legislative elections closed, Athenian Twitter users\u00a0shared<\/a> that a ballot box in Exarchia had been stolen. Minutes later, the Greek newspaper Kathimerini\u00a0reported<\/a>\u00a0that a group of hooded anarchists had burned the ballots inside the box.<\/p>\n

According to the newspaper, the perpetrators used a sledgehammer and threw tear gas to threaten employees at the polling station.<\/p>\n

Less than four hours later, the self-proclaimed anarchist group Ballot-Seeking Arsonists assumed responsibility for the attack with a\u00a0post<\/a>\u00a0on the anarchist online platform Indymedia.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis action is a warm welcome on our part to Kyriakos Mitsotakis and New Democracy, who have promised to finish with us. We are waiting for you,\u201d the group wrote. Mitsotakis, the president of New Democracy, assumed his role as Greece\u2019s new prime minister in July. The post by Ballot-Seeking Arsonists was accompanied with the tags \u201cfuck the law\u201d and \u201cthe revolution first and always.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

At this polling station in Exarchia, anarchists stole a ballot box and burned the ballots inside during the recent legislative elections. (Photo: Anna Wolcke)<\/em><\/p>\n

The exact purpose behind stealing and burning the votes remains unknown. Rubicon-member Victor was not part of the attack but explained that \u201call the things we do is a statement.\u201d<\/p>\n

Then-Interior Minister\u00a0Antonis Roupakiotis<\/strong> ordered new elections to be held at the polling station in Exarchia a week from the elections.<\/p>\n

A Twitter user who calls himself The Greek Analyst\u00a0tweeted<\/a>\u00a0that the ballot theft was \u201ca profound insult to the Republic and to those citizens who voted today.\u201d<\/p>\n

Antonis, who identifies himself as an anarchist, simultaneously criticized and defended the ballot box theft, equating what he perceives as the pointlessness of the attack with the pointlessness of elections: \u201cYeah there is no point. The same way that there is no real point in the elections.\u201d<\/p>\n

Future for Anarchists?<\/strong><\/p>\n

With New Democracy in power, no one knows what will happen to Exarchia and its anarchist residents.<\/p>\n

Two weeks after the elections,\u00a0Giorgos Kalaitzidis<\/strong>, a leading member of Rubicon, was\u00a0arrested<\/a>\u00a0by local police. He was charged with\u00a0incitement<\/a>\u00a0following a paint attack on the Athens headquarters of the Hellenic Federation of Enterprises in July. In early August, two other members of Rubicon\u00a0received<\/a>\u00a0prison sentences for the attack.<\/p>\n

A few days ago, the Greek Parliament\u00a0revoked<\/a>\u00a0the University Asylum Law. Prime Minister Mitsotakis had promised to abolish the law during his campaign, aiming to\u00a0keep out<\/a>\u00a0anti-establishment groups from universities.<\/p>\n

Last Monday, the government\u00a0revealed<\/a> first details about its plan to remake Exarchia. The makeover will reportedly include evicting people from squats.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re not worried,\u201d said Rubicon-member Victor, expressing confidence that anarchist groups in Athens will come together and face New Democracy. \u201cExarchia is still here,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Former anarchist Jason was less optimistic. Many of the people he knew in the anarchist movement have long left, feeling alienated from the violence used by many anarchists.<\/p>\n

Does he see a future for the movement? \u201cNot really,\u201d he said. In his eyes, the movement has lost all political power in Greece.<\/p>\n

But, like Victor, he believed that any attempt by the new government to remake Exarchia will lead to a temporary strengthening of the movement. \u201cIf anarchists know how to do something well this is definitely resisting police repression.\u201d<\/p>\n

An Office For Anarchists \u2013 Room 516 In The School of Philosophy In Athens<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

When the anarchist group Rubicon took over room 516 in the School of Philosophy, they painted the door black and decorated the wall next to it with a read Communist star. The group has been in control of the office since November. (Photo:\u00a0Anna Wolcke)<\/em><\/p>\n

From the outside, the School of Philosophy in the University of Athens looks like any other university building: Nine floors of gray walls, posters, classrooms and a small cafeteria. Students sit on benches, studying for their final exams, and professors hurry past. On a first glance, everything seems normal.<\/p>\n

Except for room 516. A big red Communist star decorates a door painted in black. Graffiti and paint cover the floor.<\/p>\n

What used to be an administrative office of the university has been controlled by the anarchist group Rubicon (Rouvikonas in Greek) since November.<\/p>\n

After Rubicon first took over the office on the fifth floor, the university changed the lock. The group came back with chain saws, took over the room and barred professors from entering.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey violently kicked out people who tried to get in, including professors,\u201d explained Sophia Papaioannou, professor of Latin literature.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The entrance to the School of Philosophy. (Photo:\u00a0Anna Wolcke)<\/em><\/p>\n

Because of Greek University Asylum Law 1268\/82, the university has been unable to seek help from the police. The law was passed after 40 people died at Polytech Athens University in 1973 while protesting the military dictatorship then in power. Ever since, the police do not enter Greek universities except for vaguely defined life-threatening situations.<\/p>\n

As a result, Rubicon has been able to stay in room 516 without facing arrest, leaving the university powerless.<\/p>\n

What Rubicon uses the room for is mostly unknown. Papaioannou explained that the group held office hours last semester. Students could inform on professors who they thought were Fascists. The group would then offer to \u201ctake care of the bad things happening at the school,\u201d said Papaioannou. So far, no professor has reported a violent confrontation involving a member of Rubicon.<\/p>\n

More than seven months later, the university seems resigned to its fate.<\/p>\n

\u201cSomehow you try to ignore it,\u201d sighed Papaioannou, looking at the locked door to room 516. \u201cWe don\u2019t see them, we don\u2019t hear them, we pretend they\u2019re not there.\u201d<\/p>\n

Over recent months, Rubicon has been making headlines in the Greek media. In August 2018 the group invaded the foreign ministry building in Athens. In February 2019 they posted a video that showed them smashing the windows of a department store. In May they raided a law office in Athens and a member of Rubicon was arrested for throwing red paint on the Parliament\u2019s walls and setting off two smoke bombs.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s become a quasi-terrorist organization,\u201d Papaioannou said.<\/p>\n

While the group has not taken over any other rooms in the University building, their presence is ubiquitous. The anarchist symbol with the letter A inside a circle is sprayed on many walls and floors of the university building.<\/p>\n

A poster showed members of Rubicon wearing masks and holding Molotov cocktails. Below the image was a list of demands.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Posters like these hung in the hallways of the university building. Titled \u201cThis Is War,\u201d the posters contained lists of demands by the anarchist group Rubicon. The symbol on the right of the posters is the symbol for anarchism.\u00a0(Anna Wolcke)<\/em><\/p>\n

Food should be free for all students at the university, read one. Papaioannou explained that the cafeteria on the first floor offers free food for the students already. Universities should be free for all students, read another. But the right to free education is embodied in the Greek constitution.<\/p>\n

A second poster urged students not to vote in the upcoming legislative elections. \u201cWhen you vote you surrender to exploitation,\u201d it read.<\/p>\n

Other posters near elevators and on walls throughout the building invited students to anarchist parties. One of the posters was from April. But the cleaning staff of the university is afraid to take down anarchist posters, explained Papaioannou.<\/p>\n

So the posters stay on the walls. And room 516 remains closed.<\/p>\n

Co-published\u00a0 at: <\/strong><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.europeaninterest.eu\/article\/end-anarchists-exarcheia\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Anna Wolcke ATHENS \u2013 On a summer day, tourists and locals alike can be found in Kolonaki, one of Athens\u2019 most affluent neighborhoods, sipping on cappuccinos, chatting with friends or leisurely walking alongside the most expensive stores in the city. Few ever leave to go to Exarchia, a neighborhood a mere five-minute walk away.<\/p>\n

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