{"id":65,"date":"2020-12-01T12:50:35","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T17:50:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/ghp350-f20\/?page_id=65"},"modified":"2020-12-22T22:17:33","modified_gmt":"2020-12-23T03:17:33","slug":"maternal-mortality-in-nj","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/ghp350-f20\/presentations\/maternal-mortality-in-nj\/","title":{"rendered":"Maternal Mortality and Morbidity in New Jersey: The Black Woman’s Epidemic"},"content":{"rendered":"

By: Maddie Winter, Joy Xie, Sarah Yashar-Gershman, Neenah Young<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

(Artwork credit: Bread Rest House by Kamilah House-Lewis)<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Maternal morbidity and mortality is a pressing global health issue both abroad and in the United States. New Jersey, although, one of the wealthiest states, is ranked 47<\/span>th<\/span> in maternal health outcomes, especially maternal mortality. However, this endemic does not affect everyone equally. Black women are significantly more likely to die during childbirth compared to white women, as well as to experience other significant adverse health outcomes. This project aims to unravel the historical structures that contribute to these high rates of maternal mortality especially in New Jersey, which is a highly segregated state. On our StoryMap, we have examined how the history of race and medicine and the social determinants of health have contributed to these evident disparities. We especially focus on the role of the hospitals (or lack thereof) and their impact on maternal morbidity and mortality. Examining maternal health in New Jersey is especially important because it illuminates how disparities in adequate care and maternal health outcomes are frequently influenced by the location in which women live and what structures and resources they have access to. Ultimately, our project aims to reveal how the structures of racism, socioeconomic inequity and an unequal healthcare system combine to constrain women\u2019s agency and life opportunities. These outcomes signify the pervasive ways that racist structures and legacies persist even in wealthy and \u201cprogressive\u201d regions of the U.S.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Click HERE<\/a> or the initial image to access the StoryMap<\/p>\n

\u00a0PDF of\u00a0 Maternal Mortality Fact Sheet<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bibliography<\/strong><\/p>\n

Artiga, S., Orgera, K., & Damico, A. (2020, March 05). <\/span>Changes in Health Coverage by Race and Ethnicity since the ACA, 2010-2018. <\/span><\/i>Kff. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/racial-equity-and-health-policy\/issue-brief\/changes-in-health-coverage-by-race-and-ethnicity-since-the-aca-2010-2018\/<\/span><\/p>\n

Belluz, J. (2020, January 30). <\/span>We finally have a new US maternal mortality estimate. It’s still terrible<\/span><\/i>. Vox. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from <\/span>https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2020\/1\/30\/21113782\/pregnancy-deaths-us-maternal-mortality-rate<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Braveman, P A, C Cubbin, S Egerter, D R Williams, and E Pamuk. 2010. “Socioeconomic disparities in health in the United States: what the patterns tell us.” \u200bAmerican Journal of Public Health\u200b 100 (S1): S186-S196. (<\/span>https:\/\/ajph.aphapublications.org\/doi\/full\/10.2105\/AJPH.2009.166082<\/span><\/a>)<\/b><\/p>\n

CDC. (n.d.) Maternal Mortality, Reproductive Health. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/maternal-mortality\/index.html<\/span><\/p>\n

CDC.(2020, January 21). <\/span>Severe Maternal Morbidity.<\/span><\/i> Reproductive Health.<\/span> https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/maternalinfanthealth\/severematernalmorbidity.html<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

CDC. (2020, December 3). <\/span>Monitoring the impact of COVID-19 during pregnancy can protect pregnant women and their babies<\/span><\/i>. <\/span>https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/cases-updates\/special-populations\/pregnancy-data-on-covid-19.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Censur Reporter. (2019). Jersey City, NJ. https:\/\/censusreporter.org\/profiles\/16000US3436000-jersey-city-nj\/<\/span><\/p>\n

Chuck, E. (2020, January 30). <\/span>The U.S. finally has better maternal mortality data. Black mothers still fare the worst<\/span><\/i>. NBC. <\/span>https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/health\/womens-health\/u-s-finally-has-better-maternal-mortality-data-black-mothers-n1125896<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

D\u2019Auria, P. (2020, June 22). Christ Hospital to shut down obstetrics and maternity department, shift staff to HUMC. nj.com. <\/span>https:\/\/www.nj.com\/hudson\/2020\/07\/christ-hospital-to-shut-down-ob-gyn-department-shift-staff-to-humc.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Editors of <\/span>The Lancet<\/span><\/i>. (2009). What is health? The ability to adapt. <\/span>The Lancet.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Farmer, P. (2003). Pathologies of Power: Health, human rights, and the new war on the poor. Berkeley: University of California Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gailey, S., & Bruckner, T. A. (2019). Obesity among black women in food deserts: An \u201comnibus\u201d test of differential risk. <\/span>SSM-population health<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>7<\/span><\/i>, 100363. (<\/span>https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352827318302076<\/span><\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Glantz, A. & Martinez, E. (2018, February 15). <\/span>For people of color, banks are shutting the door to homeownership<\/span><\/i>. Reveal. https:\/\/revealnews.org\/article\/for-people-of-color-banks-are-shutting-the-door-to-homeownership\/<\/span><\/p>\n

Hackensack Meridian Health (2019, January 23). <\/span>On Second Annual Maternal Health Awareness Day in New Jersey, Hackensack Meridian Health Announces Formation of Maternal Health Task Force.<\/span><\/i> https:\/\/www.hackensackmeridianhealth.org\/press-releases\/2019\/01\/23\/on-second-annual-maternal-health-awareness-day-in-new-jersey-hackensack-meridian-health-announces-formation-of-maternal-health-task-force\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Hall, W. J., Chapman, M. V., Lee, K. M., Merino, Y. M., Thomas, T. W., Payne, B. K., … & Coyne-Beasley, T. (2015). Implicit racial\/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: a systematic review. <\/span>American journal of public health<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>105<\/span><\/i>(12), e60-e76.<\/span><\/p>\n

Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (n.d.)\u00a0 <\/span>COVID-19 may increase maternal mortality dispsrities in U.<\/span><\/i>S. <\/span>https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/news\/hsph-in-the-news\/covid-19-may-increase-maternal-mortality-disparities-in-u-s\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. <\/span>(n.d.) <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Health Disparities Between Blacks and Whites Run Deep<\/span><\/i>, Retrieved Sept. 10, 2020. <\/span>https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/news\/hsph-in-the-news\/health-disparities-between-blacks-and-whites-run-deep\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Health of Women and Children. (n.d.). <\/span>Overall-HWC<\/span><\/i>. America\u2019s Health Rankings. <\/span>https:\/\/www.americashealthrankings.org\/explore\/health-of-women-and-children\/measure\/overall_mch\/state\/NJ?edition-year=2019<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016). Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. <\/span>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>113<\/span><\/i>(16), 4296-4301.<\/span><\/p>\n

Holland, B. (2018, Dec. 4). <\/span>The Father of Modern Gynecology\u2019 Permored Shocking Experiments on Slaves<\/span><\/i>. History. <\/span>https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/the-father-of-modern-gynecology-performed-shocking-experiments-on-slaves<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Howell, E. A., Egorova, N. N., Balbierz, A., Zeitlin, J., & Hebert, P. L. (2016). Site of delivery contribution to black-white severe maternal morbidity disparity. <\/span>American journal of obstetrics and gynecology<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>215<\/span><\/i>(2), 143-152.<\/span><\/p>\n

Howell, M, Pinckney, J., & White, L. (2020). <\/span>Addressing America\u2019s Black Maternal Health Crisis. <\/span><\/i>In Our Own Voice; National Black Women\u2019s Reproductive Justice Agenda. <\/span>http:\/\/blackrj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6217-IOOV_Maternal_trifold.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Interlandi, J. (2019, August 14). Why doesn’t the United States have universal health care? The answer has everything to do with race. <\/span>New York Times<\/span><\/i>. <\/span>https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2019\/08\/14\/magazine\/universal-health-care-racism.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Kuriya, A., Piedimonte, S., Spence, A. R., Czuzoj\u2010Shulman, N., Kezouh, A., & Abenhaim, H. A. (2016). Incidence and causes of maternal mortality in the USA. <\/span>Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>42<\/span><\/i>(6), 661-668.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ledford, H. (2019). Millions of Black People Affected by Racial Bias in Health-Care Algorithms. <\/span>Nature.<\/span><\/i> https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-03228-6<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2020). <\/span>2020 March of Dimes Report card: New Jersey.<\/span><\/i> https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/peristats\/tools\/reportcard.aspx?frmodrc=1&reg=34<\/span><\/p>\n

March of Dimes. (2018). <\/span>Nowhere to Go: Maternity care Across the U.S<\/span><\/i>. https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/materials\/nowhere_to_go_final.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n

Martin, N. (2020, March 19). <\/span>What Coronavirus Means for Pregnancy, and Other Things New and Expecting Mothers Should Know<\/span><\/i>. Propublica. <\/span>https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/coronavirus-and-pregnancy-expecting-mothers-q-and-a<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Maternal Health Task Force. (n.d.). <\/span>Maternal health in the United States<\/span><\/i>. https:\/\/www.mhtf.org\/topics\/maternal-health-in-the-united-states\/<\/span><\/p>\n

McGregor, A. (2020, November 18). <\/span>Erosion of Access: Maternity-Care Deserts and Racial Health Disparities in New Jersey<\/span><\/i>. Online Webinar for Princeton University High Meadows Environmental Institute.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Mukherjee, J. S., Mugunga, J. C., Shah, A., Leta, A., Birru, E., Oswald, C., … & Atun, R. (2019). A practical approach to universal health coverage. <\/span>The Lancet Global Health<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>7<\/span><\/i>(4), e410-e411.(<\/span>https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/langlo\/article\/PIIS2214-109X(19)30035-X\/fulltext<\/span><\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n

National Partnership for Women and families (2018, September). <\/span>Listening to Black Mothers in California<\/span><\/i>. <\/span>https:\/\/www.nationalpartnership.org\/our-work\/resources\/health-care\/maternity\/listening-to-black-mothers-in-california.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Nelson, D. B., Moniz, M. H., & Davis, M. M. (2018). Population-level factors associated with maternal mortality in the United States, 1997\u20132012. <\/span>BMC public health<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>18<\/span><\/i>(1), 1007.<\/span><\/p>\n

NJ Health (n.d.). <\/span>New Jersey Maternal data Center.<\/span><\/i> Department of Health. https:\/\/nj.gov\/health\/maternal\/<\/span><\/p>\n

North, A. (2020, August 10). <\/span>America is failing Black moms during the pandemic<\/span><\/i>. Vox. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from <\/span>https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2020\/8\/10\/21336312\/covid-19-pregnancy-birth-black-maternal-mortality<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

NowThis News. (2020, July 16). <\/span>COVID-19 is Making Black Maternal Mortality Worse<\/span><\/i>. [Video] Youtube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xGAUAH2vGVU<\/span><\/p>\n

OB Hospitalist Group. (2019, July 1). <\/span>Infographic: maternal mortality in the U.S<\/span><\/i>. https:\/\/www.obhg.com\/infographic-maternal-mortality-in-the-u-s\/<\/span><\/p>\n

O\u2019dea, C. (2016, December 2). <\/span>Interactive Map: Segregation Continues to Be NJ\u2019s State of the State. <\/span><\/i>NJ Spoltlight. <\/span>https:\/\/www.njspotlight.com\/2016\/12\/16-12-01-interactive-map-segregation-continues-to-be-nj-s-state-of-the-state\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Office of Minority Health. (2019, December 19). <\/span>Diabetes and African Americans<\/span><\/i>. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from <\/span>https:\/\/minorityhealth.hhs.gov\/omh\/browse.aspx?lvl=4<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Official Site of the State of NJ. (2020, January 23). <\/span>First Lady Tammy Murphy Announces Partnership to Develop Statewide Strategic Plan to Reduce New Jersey\u2019s Mortality Rate by Fifty Percent and Eliminate Racial Disparities in Birth Outcomes.<\/span><\/i> https:\/\/www.nj.gov\/governor\/news\/news\/562020\/approved\/20200123a.shtml<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Opromollo, K. (2014). U<\/span>niversity hospital Community Needs Assessment.<\/span><\/i> University Hospital., Newark, New Jersey. http:\/\/www.uhnj.org\/patients\/docs\/UH_CHNA-2014.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n

Orfield, G, Ee, J, & Coughlan, R, (2017, November). <\/span>New Jersey\u2019s Segregated Schools Trends and Paths Forward<\/span><\/i>. The Civil Rights Project. https:\/\/www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu\/research\/k-12-education\/integration-and-diversity\/new-jerseys-segregated-schools-trends-and-paths-forward\/New-Jersey-report-final-110917.pdf<\/span><\/p>\n

Pugliese, N & Bureau, T. (2019, January 22) New Jersey mothers are dying at high rates in childbirth. Lawmakers are trying to fix that. Notherjersey.com. <\/span>https:\/\/www.northjersey.com\/story\/news\/new-jersey\/2019\/01\/22\/nj-trying-reduce-high-death-rates-among-mothers-giving-birth\/2644437002\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Rainford, M. (2018, october 18). <\/span>America\u2019s Maternal Nightmare<\/span><\/i>. Tedx Talks. [Video] Youtube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qzuMxI3-km8&feature=emb_logo<\/span><\/p>\n

Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism. (n.d.). <\/span>Brit Olam Reproductive Health and Rights Cohort.<\/span><\/i> https:\/\/rac.org\/brit-olam-reproductive-health-rights-cohort<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Ross, L., & Solinger, R. (2017). <\/span>Reproductive justice: An introduction<\/span><\/i> (Vol. 1). Univ of California Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

Small, M. J., Allen, T. K., & Brown, H. L. (2017, August). Global disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality. In <\/span>Seminars in perinatology<\/span><\/i> (Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 318-322). WB Saunders.<\/span><\/p>\n

Spence, R. (2013, March\/April). <\/span>Reproductive Justice and Childbearing Women<\/span><\/i>. National Women\u2019s Health Network. https:\/\/nwhn.org\/reproductive-justice-and-childbearing-women\/<\/span><\/p>\n

Stainton, L. (2018, November 13). <\/span>Pressing to Improve NJ’s Maternal, Infant Health and Reduce Racial Disparities<\/span><\/i>. NJ Spotlight. <\/span>https:\/\/www.njspotlight.com\/2018\/11\/18-11-12-pressing-to-improve-njs-maternal-infant-health-and-reduce-racial-disparities\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Stainton, L.H. (2020, January 24). <\/span>First Lady Spearheading Plan to Reduce NJ\u2019s High Maternal Mortality Rate<\/span><\/i>. NJ Spotlight. <\/span>https:\/\/www.njspotlight.com\/2020\/01\/first-lady-spearheading-plan-to-reduce-njs-high-maternal-mortality-rate\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

State of New Jersey Department of Human Services. (2020, January 23). <\/span>First Lady Tammy Murphy and NJ Human Services Announce Reductions in Child Care Co-payments by 50 Percent<\/span><\/i>. <\/span>https:\/\/www.state.nj.us\/humanservices\/news\/press\/2020\/approved\/20200123b.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Tapinto Elizabeth Staff. (2020, August 11). <\/span>Trinitas is Only Hospital in New Jersey to Receive Healthgrades Excellence Awards for OB\/GYN, Labor & Delivery, & GYN Surgery<\/span><\/i>. TAP IP. <\/span>https:\/\/www.tapinto.net\/articles\/trinitas-is-only-hospital-in-new-jersey-to-receive-healthgrades-excellence-awards-for-ob-gyn-labor-delivery-gyn-surgery<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Taylor, J. (2019). Racism, inequality, and health care for African Americans. <\/span>The Century Foundation, December<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>19<\/span><\/i>.<\/span>https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/report\/racism-inequality-health-care-african-americans\/?session=1<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

The Commonwealth Fund. (2014, June 16). <\/span>US Health System Ranks Last Among Eleven Countries on Measures of Access, Equity, Quality, Efficiency, and Healthy Lives<\/span><\/i>. https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/press-release\/2014\/us-health-system-ranks-last-among-eleven-countries-measures-access-equity?redirect_source=\/publications\/press-releases\/2014\/jun\/us-health-system-ranks-last\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Together North Jersey. (2015, March). <\/span>Fair Housing & Equity Assessment Report \u00a0 Northern New Jersey Region<\/span><\/i>. <\/span>https:\/\/togethernorthjersey.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/FHEA_Report_031715.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Wallace, M., Dyer, L., Felker-Kantor, E., Benno, J., Vilda, D., Harville, E., & Theall, K. (2020). Maternity Care Deserts and Pregnancy-Associated Mortality in Louisiana. <\/span>Women’s Health Issues<\/span><\/i>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Washburn, L. (2017, December 13). New Jersey\u2019s infant mortality infant gap is the nation\u2019s largest. Northjersey.com. <\/span>https:\/\/www.northjersey.com\/story\/news\/health\/2017\/12\/13\/new-jersey-black-and-white-infant-mortality-gap-nations-largest\/936343001\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Wailoo, K. (2018). Historical aspects of race and medicine: the case of J. Marion Sims. <\/span>Jama<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>320<\/span><\/i>(15), 1529-1530.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zhou, L., & North, A. (2019, June 26). <\/span>How 2020 Democrats would tackle the problem of startlingly high rates of maternal deaths in the US<\/span><\/i>. Vox. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2019\/6\/26\/18691611\/2020-democrats-maternal-mortality-medicai<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By: Maddie Winter, Joy Xie, Sarah Yashar-Gershman, Neenah Young   Maternal morbidity and mortality is a pressing global health issue both abroad and in the United States. New Jersey, although, one of the wealthiest states, is ranked 47th in maternal health outcomes, especially maternal mortality. However, this endemic does not affect everyone equally. Black women<\/p>\n

Continue Reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2163,"featured_media":0,"parent":47,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-nosidebar.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-65","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","post-preview"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/ghp350-f20\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/65","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/ghp350-f20\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/ghp350-f20\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/ghp350-f20\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2163"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/ghp350-f20\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/ghp350-f20\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/65\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":582,"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/ghp350-f20\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/65\/revisions\/582"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/ghp350-f20\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/ghp350-f20\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}