{"id":3062,"date":"2021-08-18T13:39:12","date_gmt":"2021-08-18T17:39:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/contextos\/?p=3062"},"modified":"2023-07-28T14:48:17","modified_gmt":"2023-07-28T18:48:17","slug":"formacion-del-presente-del-indicativo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/contextos\/formacion-del-presente-del-indicativo\/","title":{"rendered":"Formaci\u00f3n del presente del indicativo"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Present simple<\/b><\/h3>\n

In Spanish, there are three categories of verbs. The category is determined by the last two letters of the infinitive (non-conjugated form):<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(1) Type of verbs:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

-AR\u00a0verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n

hablar<\/b>, estudiar<\/b>, caminar<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

speak, study, walk<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

-ER verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n

correr<\/b>, comer<\/b>, vender<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i>run, eat, sell<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

-IR verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n

vivir<\/strong>, escribir<\/strong>, recibir<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/i>live, write, receive<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Spanish infinitives are divided into two parts: the stem and the ending. The ending is the last two letters. Remember, all infinitives end in\u00a0-ar, -er<\/em>, or\u00a0-ir<\/em>. The stem is everything that is left after you remove the ending. \u00a0Spanish verbs are conjugated. Conjugating a verb means that you manipulate the infinitive so that it agrees with the different possible subjects. Remember that in Spanish the subjects may be indicated by the following\u00a0subject pronouns<\/b>:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(2) Subject pronouns:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart1\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Now, let us see how to conjugate regular\u00a0\u2013ar<\/strong>,\u00a0\u2013er<\/strong><\/em>, and\u00a0\u2013ir<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>verbs: simply drop the ending and add the following segments:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(3) Conjugations for regular verbs in present simple:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart2\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Similar to English, the present simple tense in Spanish can have slightly different meanings, and you will need to rely on context to understand a given sentence:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(4)<\/p>\n

Hablo<\/strong>\u00a0con mis padres todos los d\u00edas.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

I speak\u00a0to my parents everyday.<\/em><\/p>\n

Leo<\/strong>\u00a0esta lecci\u00f3n cuidadosamente. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

I\u2019m reading\u00a0this lesson carefully.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ma\u00f1ana\u00a0como<\/strong>\u00a0con mis amigos.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n

Tomorrow\u00a0I\u2019m eating\u00a0with my friends.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Stem-changing verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Some Spanish verbs are called\u00a0stem-changers<\/em>\u00a0because when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a predictable way. There are three types of stem-changing verbs:\u00a0o \u2192 ue<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0e \u2192 ie<\/em><\/strong>, and\u00a0e \u2192 i<\/strong><\/em>. \u00a0Notice how this change applies to all forms,\u00a0except\u00a0vos<\/i>,\u00a0nosotros(as)<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0vosotros(as)<\/i>:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(5) Conjugations for stem-changing verbs in present simple:<\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart3\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Here\u2019s a list of common stem-changing verbs:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(6)\u00a0o \u2192 ue<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

almorzar<\/a>,\u00a0morir<\/a>,\u00a0mostrar<\/a>,\u00a0mover<\/a>,\u00a0probar<\/a>,\u00a0costar<\/a>,\u00a0recordar<\/a>,\u00a0devolver<\/a>,\u00a0resolver<\/a>,\u00a0volver<\/a>,\u00a0dormir<\/a>,\u00a0so\u00f1ar<\/a>,\u00a0sonar<\/a>,\u00a0encontrar<\/a>,\u00a0volar<\/a>
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(7)\u00a0e \u2192 ie<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

atender<\/a>,\u00a0comenzar<\/a>,\u00a0convertir<\/a>,\u00a0defender<\/a>,\u00a0despertar<\/a>,\u00a0divertir<\/a>,\u00a0empezar<\/a>,\u00a0encender<\/a>,\u00a0entender<\/a>,\u00a0mentir<\/a>,\u00a0pensar<\/a>,\u00a0perder<\/a>,\u00a0preferir<\/a>,\u00a0querer<\/a>,\u00a0sugerir<\/a>
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(8)\u00a0e \u2192 i<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

competir<\/a>,\u00a0medir<\/a>,\u00a0conseguir<\/a>,\u00a0corregir<\/a>,\u00a0perseguir<\/a>,\u00a0re\u00edr<\/a>,\u00a0despedir<\/a>,\u00a0repetir<\/a>,\u00a0elegir<\/a>,\u00a0seguir<\/a>,\u00a0servir<\/a>,\u00a0sonreir<\/a>
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Orthographic-changing verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Some Spanish verbs show some slight orthographic changes that derive from pronunciation changes. These are the types of verbs, which we have grouped according to their orthographic-change pattern:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(9) Verbs that end in\u00a0-ger<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0-gir<\/strong>\u00a0<\/i>and change the\u00a0g<\/i><\/b>\u00a0to\u00a0j<\/i><\/b>\u00a0in the\u00a0yo<\/i><\/strong>\u00a0form:<\/p>\n

corregir\u00a0<\/a>(also stem-changing),\u00a0dirigir<\/a>,\u00a0escoger<\/a>,\u00a0fingir<\/a>,\u00a0proteger<\/a>,\u00a0recoger<\/a>,\u00a0surgir<\/a>
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart4\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(10) Verbs that end in\u00a0-guir<\/strong>\u00a0<\/i>and change the\u00a0gu<\/i><\/b>\u00a0to\u00a0g<\/i><\/b>\u00a0in the\u00a0yo<\/i><\/strong>\u00a0form:<\/p>\n

extinguir<\/a>,\u00a0conseguir\u00a0<\/a>(also stem-changing),\u00a0perseguir\u00a0<\/a>(also stem-changing),\u00a0seguir\u00a0<\/a>(also stem-changing)
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart5\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(11) Verbs that end in a\u00a0consonant\u00a0+\u00a0-cer\u00a0<\/i><\/strong>or\u00a0-cir<\/i>\u00a0<\/strong>add\u00a0z<\/i><\/b>\u00a0instead of\u00a0c<\/i><\/b>\u00a0in the\u00a0yo<\/i><\/strong>\u00a0form:<\/p>\n

convencer<\/a>,\u00a0\u00a0esparcir<\/a>
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart6\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(12) Verbs that end in a\u00a0vowel\u00a0+\u00a0-cer<\/strong>\u00a0<\/i>or\u00a0-cir<\/i><\/strong>\u00a0change the\u00a0c<\/i><\/b>\u00a0to\u00a0zc<\/i><\/b>\u00a0in the\u00a0yo<\/i><\/strong>\u00a0form:<\/p>\n

conducir\u00a0<\/a>(also stem-changing),\u00a0\u00a0producir\u00a0<\/a>(also stem-changing),\u00a0traducir\u00a0<\/a>(also stem-changing),\u00a0establecer<\/a>\u00a0(also stem-changing),\u00a0parecer<\/a>,\u00a0reconocer<\/a>
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart7\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(13) Verbs that end in\u00a0\u2013uir<\/strong>\u00a0(not \u2013guir)\u00a0<\/i>add\u00a0y<\/i><\/b>\u00a0before\u00a0o, e, a<\/i><\/b>\u00a0for all cases,\u00a0except for\u00a0vos<\/i>,\u00a0nosotros(as)<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0vosotros(as)<\/i>:<\/p>\n

concluir<\/a>,\u00a0distribuir<\/a>,\u00a0destruir<\/a>,\u00a0huir<\/a>,\u00a0incluir<\/a>
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart8\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(14) Some verbs that end in\u00a0-iar<\/i><\/strong>\u00a0and nearly all verbs that end in\u00a0-uar<\/i>\u00a0<\/strong>take a written accent to the\u00a0i<\/b>\u00a0or the\u00a0u<\/b>\u00a0in all forms,\u00a0except for\u00a0vos, nosotros(as)<\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0vosotros(as)<\/i>:<\/p>\n

actuar<\/a>,\u00a0\u00a0confiar<\/a>,\u00a0enviar<\/a>,\u00a0graduar<\/a>
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart9\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Irregular verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Finally, there are other Spanish verbs that show either partial or complete irregular patterns:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(15) Verbs that are irregular\u00a0only\u00a0in the\u00a0yo<\/i><\/strong>\u00a0form:<\/p>\n

caer<\/a>,\u00a0caber<\/a>,\u00a0poner<\/a>,\u00a0saber<\/a>,\u00a0salir<\/a>,\u00a0traer<\/a>,\u00a0ver<\/a>
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart10\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(16)\u00a0Ir<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0D<\/em><\/a>ar<\/em><\/a>:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart11\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(17)\u00a0Tener<\/a>\u00a0<\/i>and\u00a0Venir<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart12\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(18)\u00a0Ser<\/a>\u00a0<\/i>and\u00a0Estar<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"SistemaVerbal_Gram_Chart13\"<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Pr\u00e1ctica<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Algunos amigos se encuentran en un caf\u00e9 y hablan de sus vida y sus actividades. Utiliza las palabras que se incluyen y escribe una oraci\u00f3n completa para cada caso. Tienes que conjugar los verbos, agregar art\u00edculos y preposiciones, como sea necesario, para conseguir frases l\u00f3gicas y gramaticalmente correctas.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ejemplo<\/em>: Yo \/ser\/<\/strong> espa\u00f1ola\/ usar \/ la palabra \u201cboli\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yo soy<\/strong> espa\u00f1ola y uso<\/strong> la palabra \u201cboli\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1.<\/strong><\/td>\nYo\/ conocer\/ todos \/ vecinos\/<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/strong><\/td>\nMaricarmen \/ ir\/ conciertos \/ rock\/ amigos\/ a menudo<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/strong><\/td>\nBeatriz \/ gustar\/ leer \/ novelas rom\u00e1nticas<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/strong><\/td>\nTom\u00e1s \/ \u00a0preferir\/ ver\/ televisi\u00f3n<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/strong><\/td>\nBeatriz\/ entender\/ varios idiomas<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/strong><\/td>\nTom\u00e1s\/ practicar\/ deportes\/ la ma\u00f1ana<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.<\/strong><\/td>\nAnita y Jorge\/ almorzar\/ restaurante\/ 12:30 p.m.<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.<\/strong><\/td>\nT\u00fa\/ pedir\/ favores\/ amigos<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.<\/strong><\/td>\nMiguel y Ana\/ construir\/ casa \/ \u00e1rbol<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.<\/strong><\/td>\nBeatriz\/ re\u00edr\/ pel\u00edculas\/ c\u00f3micas<\/td>\n\u00a0 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/a>
\r\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1.<\/strong><\/td>\nYo\/ conocer\/ todos \/ vecinos\/<\/td>\nYo conozco a todos mis vecinos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/strong><\/td>\nMaricarmen \/ ir\/ conciertos \/ rock\/ amigos\/ a menudo<\/td>\nMaricarmen va a conciertos de rock con sus amigos a menudo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/strong><\/td>\nBeatriz \/ gustar\/ leer \/ novelas rom\u00e1nticas<\/td>\nA Beatriz le gusta leer novelas rom\u00e1nticas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/strong><\/td>\nTom\u00e1s \/ \u00a0preferir\/ ver\/ televisi\u00f3n<\/td>\nTom\u00e1s prefiere ver la televisi\u00f3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/strong><\/td>\nBeatriz\/ entender\/ varios idiomas<\/td>\nBeatriz entiende varios idiomas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/strong><\/td>\nTom\u00e1s\/ practicar\/ deportes\/ la ma\u00f1ana<\/td>\nTom\u00e1s practica deportes por\/en la ma\u00f1ana<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.<\/strong><\/td>\nAnita y Jorge\/ almorzar\/ restaurante\/ 12:30 p.m.<\/td>\nAnita y Jorge almuerzan en el\/un restaurante a las 12:30 p.m.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.<\/strong><\/td>\nT\u00fa\/ pedir\/ favores\/ amigos<\/td>\nT\u00fa les pides favores a tus amigos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.<\/strong><\/td>\nMiguel y Ana\/ construir\/ casa \/ \u00e1rbol<\/td>\nMiguel y Ana construyen una casa en un \u00e1rbol<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.<\/strong><\/td>\nBeatriz\/ re\u00edr\/ pel\u00edculas\/ c\u00f3micas<\/td>\n\u00a0Beatriz r\u00ede con las pel\u00edculas c\u00f3micas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n

\n
\u00a0\u00a1Explora!<\/h5>\n

If you want to practice with the conjugations of all these verbs, feel free to do exercises in any of these websites:<\/p>\n

Studyspanish.com<\/a><\/p>\n

Todo-claro.com<\/a><\/p>\n

Colby.edu<\/a><\/p>\n

Tomado de Aprendo<\/em> (Princeton University — Spanish and Portuguese Department)<\/h6>\n\n