{"id":268,"date":"2018-08-09T16:11:16","date_gmt":"2018-08-09T16:11:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/?page_id=268"},"modified":"2018-08-09T16:12:25","modified_gmt":"2018-08-09T16:12:25","slug":"top-end","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/top-end\/","title":{"rendered":"Top End"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-270\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/TopEnd.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"921\" height=\"691\" srcset=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/TopEnd.jpg 624w, http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/TopEnd-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Otto Cycle Simulation<\/h3>\n<h4>Without Cam drive and push rod<\/h4>\n<figure id=\"attachment_269\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-269\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-269 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/4_Stroke_Engine.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"800\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-269\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a simulation of the Otto cycle in a four stroke combustion engine.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">We began by taking apart the head, which required disassembling the intake and exhaust valves and then taking inventory of the parts. Using a telescoping gauge and a micrometer, we took measurements of the bore and the shaft, according to the\u00a0specifications from the Triumph\u00a0Motorcycle Manual. \u00a0From these measurements, we found that\u00a0a piston which was 60 thousandths of an inch larger than the specs which fit perfectly\u00a0 inside of the bore\u00a0to\u00a0fit together to meet the specifications of the manual. Ideally, the space between the circumference of the piston head and the inside of the barrel is no greater than the thickness of three pieces of paper.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Meanwhile, Glen\u00a03-D printed\u00a0a rapid prototype of a throat to connect the carburetor to the head. We learned that the stoichiometric ratio of air to fuel necessary for combustion is 14.7:1.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">We also used the ultrasonic parts cleaner to clean the intake and exhaust springs and washers. We then went on to measure the spring constant for each of these springs. We used the milling machine to compress the ring force gauge with the springs on top. From there, we increased the force in increments of five pounds, and measure the change in length for every increment. The calculated average spring constant, along with the rest of the data is in the table below.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Special thanks to Nigel for his insight and knowledge which helped us greatly in understanding the mechanics of the top end and engine as a whole!!<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">We recently completed sandblasting the head. From there we grinded the valves using a lathe and grinding\u00a0wheel\u00a0and recut the seats on the newly sandblasted head.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-268 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-thumbnail'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/grouppic.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/grouppic-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-274\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-274'>\n\t\t\t\tGeorge, Monica, and Bear with the engine head, carburetor, and the piston barrel! \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/DSCF4759.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/DSCF4759-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-276\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-276'>\n\t\t\t\tBear and George using a C-clamp and a special spring compression tool manufactured by Triumph (pictured below) to disassemble the valves and remove the springs.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/Tool-1.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/Tool-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-271\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-271'>\n\t\t\t\tSpecial Spring Compression Tool\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/DSCF4791-1.jpg'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/DSCF4791-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-275\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-275'>\n\t\t\t\tGeorge calculating the valve spring constant using a ring force guage. \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<figure id=\"attachment_272\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-272\" style=\"width: 923px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-272\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/springconstantgraph2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"923\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/springconstantgraph2.jpg 491w, http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/springconstantgraph2-300x172.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-272\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">As you can see, the spring constant on the exhaust valve is slightly less than the intake valve.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-273\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/rsz_picture4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"920\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/rsz_picture4.png 640w, http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/rsz_picture4-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The red line indicates that, if operated at a high speed, our exhaust valve would close slower than it should because of a lower spring constant than our intake valve spring. However, our motorcycle will not be operated at such a speed so it is unlikely to cause problems.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-268 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/top-end\/dscf4798-2\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/DSCF4798-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-283\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-283'>\n\t\t\t\tGeorge sandblasting the engine head.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/top-end\/dscf4824-2\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/DSCF4824-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-281\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-281'>\n\t\t\t\tFreshly cut valve seats! The blue substance is Dykem Steel Blue Ayout Fluid, a dye used to mark exactly where the valves come into contact with the seats. The original seats were cut at 45 degree angles instead of being tapered to make sure there is only one point of contact between the seat and the valve.  \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/top-end\/dscf4823\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/DSCF4823-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-282\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-282'>\n\t\t\t\tMonica holding the newly-ground exhaust valve. The valves were grinded using a lathe and grinding wheel.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/top-end\/extender\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/Extender-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-280\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-280'>\n\t\t\t\tAs pictured, the pushrod tube was slightly too short to fit into the head of the top end. Without a replacement, we decided to machine an extension piece out of aluminum.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/top-end\/picture1\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/Picture1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-279\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-279'>\n\t\t\t\tThe extension piece being machined using the lathe and a steel tool to scrape off excess material.  Dimensions of extender: &#8211; Total height: 0.270 in  &#8211; Outer Diameter: 1.5 in  &#8211; Inner Diameter: 1.2 in\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/top-end\/picture2\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/Picture2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-278\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-278'>\n\t\t\t\tThe pushrod tube, extension piece, and liquid gasket compound attached to head of top end. \n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/top-end\/picture3\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/Picture3-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-2-277\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-2-277'>\n\t\t\t\tCompleted assembly of the top end.\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/78\/2018\/08\/FRS-106-Final-Presentation-new-2.pptx\">Final Presentation<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Otto Cycle Simulation Without Cam drive and push rod We began by taking apart the head, which required disassembling the intake and exhaust valves and then taking inventory of the parts. Using a telescoping gauge and a micrometer, we took measurements of the bore and the shaft, according to the\u00a0specifications from the Triumph\u00a0Motorcycle Manual. \u00a0From &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/top-end\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Top End&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-268","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/268","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=268"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/268\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":288,"href":"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/268\/revisions\/288"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/commons.princeton.edu\/56-terrier\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=268"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}